GPAT/NIPER JEE Review Flashcards

This flashcard set covers key botanical constituents, diagnostic reagents, microbiological concepts, and recent global achievements and indices mentioned in the lecture notes.

Safrole

A phenylpropanoid chemical constituent found in the volatile oil of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans).

Myristica fragrans

The botanical source of nutmeg, which contains the volatile oil constituent Safrole.

Cuoxam reagent

A cuprammonium solution used to distinguish absorbent cotton (purified cellulose) from raw cotton by dissolving it.

Million's reagent (Wool test)

A chemical reagent that turns wool brick red due to the presence of the protein keratin.

Keratin

A protein rich in tyrosine that makes up wool and reacts with Million's reagent to produce a brick-red color.

Tyrosine

An amino acid in keratin containing phenolic $-OH$ groups which react with Million's reagent to color wool brick red.

Foeniculi fructus

The vegetable drug also known as Fennel, which contains volatile oils and acts as a carminative to relieve gas.

Colophony melting point range

A resinous product from Pinus species that has a melting or softening point of $160-180^\circ\text{C}$ for harder grades.

Kreis test

A diagnostic test used to detect the rancidity of fats by identifying epialdehyde or malonaldehyde.

Phloroglucinol

The reagent used in the Kreis test to detect oxidized fat, resulting in a red color.

Anthraquinone

An active constituent showing strong pink or red fluorescence in alkaline solutions via Bornträger's reaction.

Bornträger's reaction

A test where free anthraquinones in an alkaline solution produce a pink-red color and strong fluorescence.

Stripe canker

A bark disease affecting Cinchona trees that is caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi.

Phytophthora cinnamomi

The specific pathogen that causes Stripe canker disease in Cinchona trees, affecting quinine yield.

Ginkgo

A glycoside drug ($Ginkgo\,biloba$) used to treat Raynaud's disease by improving peripheral circulation.

Vittae

Elongated secretory canals or oil cavities in cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) seeds where volatile oil is stored.

Amylodextrin

The form of starch found in Mace (nutmeg aril) that produces a reddish-purple color when reacted with iodine.

Mace

The aril of nutmeg that contains amylodextrin, which distinguishes it from other starches when tested with iodine.

Quinovin

The specific bitter glycoside present in Cinchona bark, distinct from its alkaloid content.

Scheibler's reagent

Sodium phosphotungstate, which is used as a general precipitating reagent for the detection of alkaloids.

Citral

A constituent obtained from lemongrass oil used as a starting material for the synthesis of $\beta\text{-Ionone}$.

$$\beta\text{-Ionone}$$

The key starting material for the industrial synthesis of Vitamin A, typically produced from citral.

Kaolin

Hydrated aluminium silicate, a chemical also known as China clay with the formula $Al\,Si\,O\,(OH)$.

Chemostat

An apparatus used to maintain a continuous culture by controlling nutrient flow rate to keep cells in steady-state growth.

Site-directed mutagenesis

A molecular technique directed by the mutation of a specific $DNA$ sequence to introduce predetermined changes.

R factor Plasmid

A genetic element that carries antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between bacteria by conjugation.

T4 derived DNA ligase

An enzyme obtained from bacteriophage T4 that requires $ATP$ as a cofactor for the ligation of DNA.

Diastase

An amylase enzyme obtained from sources such as $Bacillus\,subtilis$, $Aspergillus\,oryzae$, human saliva, and rat pancreas.

Selenite F broth

A specific enrichment medium used for the selective growth of $Salmonella$ and $Shigella$.

Urease

An enzyme produced by $Helicobacter\,pylori$ that hydrolyzes urea to ammonia to neutralize gastric acid for survival.

Plasma cells

Effector B cells of the immune system that are responsible for the secretion of antibodies.

Colonic bacterial enzymes

Glycosidases produced by gut bacteria, including $\alpha\text{-D-galactosidase}$, $\beta\text{-D-glucosidase}$, and $\beta\text{-xylosidase}$.

Culex fatiseas

The mosquito species ($Culex\,quinquefasciatus$) responsible for transmitting filariasis in India.

CD8+ T cells

Cytotoxic T cells that are activated in association with antigens presented on $MHC$ class I molecules.

Bacteriophage lysins

Enzymes such as endolysin or lysozyme found in phages that help lyse the host bacterial cell wall during infection.

Sabouraud's medium

A dextrose agar selective for the isolation of yeast and dermatophytes due to low pH and high glucose levels.

Liver broth

Also known as Robertson's cooked meat medium, it is used for testing and culturing anaerobes by providing reducing conditions.

Rabies cause

A disease caused by $\text{Lyssavirus type 1}$, which is a negative-sense single-stranded $RNA$ virus.

Hepatitis B virus binding site

The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (plgR/IgA receptor) on the target hepatocyte cell.

Escherichia coli

The most common indicator organism used to identify faecal pollution in water sources.

Rabies vaccine (living)

A vaccine prepared using attenuated virus grown in fertile (embryonated) eggs.

CD4

A transmembrane glycoprotein surface antigen found on helper T cells that acts as a co-receptor for $MHC\,\text{class II}$.

Temperate phages

Bacteriophages that integrate their DNA into the host genome as a prophage and undergo the lysogenic cycle.

Coomb's test

An antiglobulin test used for the detection of anti-Rh antibodies coating red blood cells.

Consumer credit

A form of credit also known as instalment credit, where payments are made in regular instalments.

Unity of command

Fayol's management principle stating that an employee should report to and receive orders from only one supervisor.

Satyarup Siddhanta

The Indian mountaineer who holds the world record for the fastest ascent of the world's seven volcanic peaks.

Harsh Vardhan Shringla

Former Foreign Secretary and the first Indian Ambassador to be conferred with France's 'Legion of Honour' (Commander rank).

Gurugram

The city where India's first $LPG$ Automated Teller Machine ($ATM$) for dispensing cylinders was installed.

Rituparna Sengupta

The Indian actress who received the Women Empowerment Award at the UK House of Commons.

Global Terrorism Index 2026

The report in which India was assigned a global rank of $13\text{th}$.

Fanny Etiaguashima-ninde

The Ugandan cricketer who became the youngest female player to score a century in $T20Is$.

Bhagyashree Jadhav

The athlete who won the gold medal in Shot Put at the National Para-Athletics Championship.

Commonwealth Youth Games 2027 host

The international sporting event that will take place in Malta.

Anahat Singh

The squash player who won the Women's Singles title at the Indian Open 2026 Squash Tournament.

Kalpana Soren

The recipient of the Women Empowerment Trailblazer Award by $BRICS$ for social development contributions.

Ramkumar Mukhopadhyay

The author honored with the Saraswati Samman 2025 for his Bengali novel 'Hara-Parbati Katha'.

Nipun Forest Initiative

A forest conservation initiative launched by the government of Meghalaya.

Sheetal Devi

India's armless para-archer who was honored with the Pan Archer of the Year Award by World Archery.

Balendra Shah

Commonly known as Balen Shah, he became Nepal's youngest Prime Minister.

Janata campaign

An anti-US military presence movement launched by Iran in West Asia.

Unmukt Chand

The first Indian cricketer to join the US Major League Cricket ($MLC$).

Mission Mira

The name of the astronaut mission launched from the region of Ladakh.

NATO 77th anniversary

The milestone celebrated on April 4, 2026, by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

Mujhe Gao, Angya Sampanna Gaon

A village prosperity campaign associated with the state of Maharashtra.

Khelo India Tribal Games 2026

The inaugural sporting event where Karnataka topped the final medal tally.

INS Aridhaman (S4)

India's third nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, a $7,000\text{-tonne}$ vessel with upgraded stealth.

Christina Koch

The NASA astronaut who became the first female to enter the Moon's orbit as part of the Artemis program.

Bobana Skarovska

The youngest female chess player and grandmaster from England.