latin rules

How many letters are in the Latin Alphabet?

24; J & W excluded

What special job can the Latin “i” have?

It can be either a vowel or a consonant

When does “i” act as a consonant?

If is placed before a vowel at the beginning of a word or between two vowels inside a word

How do you pronounce consonantal i/j?

English y as in yes/yellow

How do you pronounce adiuvō?

ad-yoo-woh

How is ā pronounced?

“ah” as in father

How is ē pronounced?

“ey” as in they

How is ī pronounced?

“ee” as in unique

How is ō pronounced?

“oh” as in obey

How is ū pronounced?

“oo” as in rude

How is a pronounced?

“uh/ah” as in alike

How is e pronounced?

“eh” as in bet

How is i pronounced?

“ih” as in it

How is o pronounced?

“aw” as in off

How is u pronounced?

“uh” as in put

How is y in latin pronounced? (short and long are essentially the same)

Putting your lips in place to say “oo"o” but saying “uuu”

How many diphthongs does this text list for Latin?

6: ae, au, ei, eu, oe, ui

How is ae pronounced?

“eye” as in aisle

How is au pronounced?

“ow” as in out

How is ei pronounced?

“ay” as in weigh

How is eu pronounced?

“eh-oo” as in feud

How is oe pronounced?

“oy” as in soil

How is ui pronounced?

oo-ee

How is c pronounced?

a hard k ALWAYS

How is g pronounced?

a hard g ALWAYS “guh”

How is s pronounced?

always “sss”

How is v pronounced?

like a w

How is x pronounced?

like “ks” as in extinct

How is “bs” pronounced?

like “pss” as in eclipse

How is gu pronounced?

gw (and the u doesn’t count as a vowel)

How is qu pronounced?

qw (and the u doesn’t count as a vowel)

How is “ch” pronounced?

“kuh” as in chorus

How is “ph” pronounced?

“puh” as in shepard

How is “th” pronounced?

“tuh”

How are double consonants pronounced in Latin?

As TWO DISTINCT CONSONANT SOUNDS, with a slight pause/lengthening between them.

Transitive Patterns

Requires a subject, verb, and direct object; Way to remember: A transitive verb transfers its action to something else (a direct object).

Intransitive Patterns

Requires a subject and a verb

Why is the sentence “The squirrel sits in the tree” intransitive?

“in the tree” is a prepositional phrase. The squirrel requires something to sit on. “The squirrel sits WHAT?”

First Conjugation Characteristic Vowel

Long a

Second Conjugation Characteristic Vowel

Long e

Conjugate ending: long o

“I”

Conjugate ending: s

“You”

Conjugate ending: T

He/she/it

Conjugate ending: mus

“We”

Conjugate ending: Tis

“You all”

Conjugate ending: nt

“They”

Indicative

‘This person does/is doing this.”

simple statements and to pose questions

to ____ (verb)

re

I have ____ (verb)

long e

having been _____ (verb)

tus

Infinitive

Verbal nouns (unaffected by personal endings (I, you, hes/she/it, etc.) usually “to ____ (verb)”

eg) amare (to love)

Principal parts

four parts to one base that change voice, tone, mood

to love, having been loved, I love, etc