Chem 1211 Test 1

chapters 1-2

Law

Ideas that consistently prove to be true

Theory

-Tries to provide a model with something that is observed over and over

-Often used to explain laws

Qualitative data

Data that is descriptive

-Ex: color, size, etc

Quantitive Data

Data that is a quantity and can have a numerical value

Atoms

Smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical properties

Single Elements

Elements that are formed by a single atom

Diatomic Elements

-Elements formed by atoms of the same element bonded

-Can rmbr by using acronym: HOFBrINCl

What does the acronym HOFBrINCl stand for

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, Bromine, Iodine, Nitrogen, Chlorine

What are the elements in the HOFBrINCl?

Diatomic Atoms

Compounds

-Something made of multiple atoms with a constant ratio

-Can be pure substances

-Ex: NaCl (s) or H2) (l)

Pure Substances

-Substances composed of only one chemical compound/ element

-Au (s), H2 (g), H2O (I)

Substances that are Mixtures

-Substances composed of multiple chemical atoms or compounds

-Ex: Oil in water or NaCl in H2O

-Can be heterogenous or homogenous

Heterogeneous Mixture

Type of mixture with distinguishable parts, possibly with the same or different phase

Homogenous Mixture

Mixture that is visibly indistinguishable parts, same phase, and considered a solution

Seperation Method: Filtration

Which separation method includes filtering compounds based on size, state, density, etc

Seperation Method: Distillation

Which separation method includes a mixture of liquids is heated until only one boils; used when one of the solutions has different boiling points 

Separation Method: Chromatography

Which separation method includes using two phases, a stationary phase (solid) and a mobile phase (liquid/gas). The mobile phase moves over the stationary phase and separates based on how much each component of the mobile phase “sticks” to the stationary phase.

What is it called hen elements and/or compounds combine to create something new

Chemical Reactions

Law of conservation of mass

What law includes: matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction

Law of definite proportion/ constant composition

What law includes: a given compound always contains the exact same proportion of elements by mass

Law of multiple proportions

Which law includes: when two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses can always be reduced to whole numbers

Density; They layer from least dense to most dense (top to bottom)

What is the mass in a given volume of a substance? How do substances layer?

Intensive Properties

-Property that does not depend on how much of a substance is present

-Ex: density, melting point, etc.

Extensive Property

-Property that depends on how much of a substance is present

-Ex: mass, volume, etc.

Physical Change

-Change that changes the state of matter but does not change the composition

-Ex: distillation, filtration, chromatography

Chemical Change

Change that changes the composition of the matter by making or breaking bonds

Kinetic Energy

Energy associated with motion

Potential Energy

Energy as a result of an objects position or state

Law of conservation of energy

Law that states that energy can neither be created or destroyed, the total energy of the universe is constant

Acurracy

Uncertainty measurement that tells us how close a number is to an expected or correct number

Precision

Uncertainty measurement that tells us how close our measurements are to each other

Accuracy and Precision

-Can be precise and accurate, but also precise and inaccurate

-Can be accurate and not precise, but also accurate and precise

-Can be none

Significant Figures

-When not using a digital device, add a number to your response by guessing what it is close to

-When multiple measurements are used, report the average ± the standard deviation

Sig Figs: Exact Values

Values that have infinite significant digits

-Ex: Conversions

Rules for Zeros

-Zeros in the middle of numbers are always significant

-Zeros at the end of a number (WITHOUT decimal point) are ambiguous/ insignificant

-Zeros after a decimal point are sometimes insignificant: 0.00790, the zeros after the decimal are insignificant, but the zero after the 9 is significant

Sig Figs: Addition/ Subtraction

-The last digit in common is significant for addition/subtraction

-Ex: 1708 - 4.0 = 1704, even though 4.0 goes to the tenths place, 1708 only goes to the ones place, so the answer gets rounded off at the ones place

Sig Figs: Multiplication/ Division

-The least number of sig figs between what is being multiplied/divided is the number of sig figs used in the answer

-When there is a case such as (2.4 × 10³) the 10³ is not considered when counting the sig figs

SI unit Mass

Kilogram, Kg

Si unit Length

Meter, m

SI unit Time

Second, s

SI unit Temperature

Kelvin, K

SI unit Electric Current

Ampere, A

SI unit Amount of Substance

Mole, mol

SI unit Luminous Intensity

Candela, cd

SI Prefix: Giga

G, 10⁹ (billion)

1 gigahertz= 1 × 10⁹ hetz

SI Prefix: Mega

M, 10⁶ (million)

1 megaton = 1 × 10⁶ tons

SI Prefix: Kilo

k, 10³ (thousand)

1 kilogram = 1 × 10³ grams

SI Prefix: Deci

d, 10^-1 (one tenth)

1 decimeter = 1 × 10^-1 meter

SI Prefix: Centi

c, 10^-2 (one hundredth)

1 centimeter = 1 × 10^-2 meters

SI Prefix: Mili

m, 10^-3 (one thousandth)

1 milimeter = 1 × 10^-3 meters

SI Prefix: Micro

μ, 10^-6 (one millionth)

1 micrometer = 1 × 10^-6 meters

SI Prefix: Nano

n, 10^-9 (one billionth)

1 nanometer = 1 × 10^-9 meters

SI Prefix: Pico

p, 10^-12

1 picometer = 1 × 10^-12 meters

SI Prefix: Femto

f, 10^-15

1 femtometer = 1 × 10^-15 meters

BrO^-

hypobromite

BrO₂^-

bromite

BrO₃^-

bromate

BrO₄^-

perbromate

IO^-

hypoiodite

IO₂^-

iodite

IO₃^-

iodate

IO₄^-

periodate

SCN^-

thiocyanate

Hg₂²⁺

mercury(I)

NH₄⁺

ammonium

CN^-

cyanide

CH₃COO^- or C₂H₃O₂^-

acetate

CO₃^2-

carbonate

HCO₃^-

hydrogen carbonate

C₂O₄^2-

oxalate

ClO^-

hypochlorite

ClO₂^-

chlorite

ClO₃^-

chlorate

ClO₄^-

perchlorate

NO₂^-

nitrite

NO₃^-

nitrate

PO₄^3-

phosphate

HPO₄^2-

hydrogen phosphate

H₂PO₄^-

dihydrogen phosphate

OH^-

hydroxide

SO₃^2-

sulfite

SO₄^2-

sulfate

HSO₄^-

hydrogen sulfate

CrO₄^2-

chromate

Cr₂O₇^2-

dichromate

MnO₄^-

permanganate