lifespan development final exam

Late adulthood is marked by:

A. Changes in family roles and responsibility

B. More financial resources

C. Increased physical wellness

D. Professional advancement

A. Changes in family roles and responsibility

Rowe and Kahn's theory of successful aging maintained that successful aging includes:

A. high cognitive functioning

B. low likelihood for disease

C. high engagement

D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Development...

A. is a lifelong process

B. is the same for everyone regardless of context and culture

C. is explained best by Piaget

D. is only relevant to children and adolescents

A. development is a lifelong process

___ is one of a few developmental theorists who proposed a model for development across the lifespan.

A. Freud

B. Arnett

C. Erikson

D. Piaget

According to Joan and Erik Erikson, the final phase of development, which leads to the virtue of wisdom is:

A. generativity vs. stagnation

B. integrity vs. stagnation

C. intimacy vs. isolation

D. ego integrity vs. despair

D. ego integrity vs. despair

"If not now, then when?" is a common motto of the ___ phase of Cohen's human potential model?

A. summing up

B. liberation

C. midlife reevaluation

D. reflective

B. liberation

According to Cohen, successful navigation of the liberation phase of human potential requires:

A. freedom from financial constraints

B. freedom of time

C. absence of physical limitations

D. each choice is correct

D. each choice is correct

According to Bronfenbrenner, what are the three types of person characteristics?

A. process, time and context

B. force, resource, and demand

C. curiosity, self-efficacy, and persistence

D. authenticity, force, and resource

B. force, resource, and demand

According to Lawton, which of the following should be provided in the living space of a person with dementia?

A. increasing social behavior and interaction

B. increasing opportunity for isolation

C. decreasing activity

D. inattention to disturbing behavior

A. increasing social behavior and interaction

Levy argued, in her theory of stereotype embodiment, that:

A. cultural attitudes about aging have no impact on behavior or thinking in late adulthood

B. attitudes about aging are internalized across the lifespan

C. stereotypes are more salient when they are self-relevant

D. both B and C are correct

D. both B and C are correct

What are some physical markers of old age or late adulthood?

A. slowing of motor functions and diminished bone density

B. hearing and vision are improved

C. skin has increased elasticity

D. none of the above

A. slowing of motor functions and diminished bone density

Dementia is a ___

A. neurocognitive disorder

B. kind of heart disease common to older adults

C. disease for which most African American women receive a timely diagnosis

D. disease that represents about 20 to 30% of all neurocognitive disorders

A. neurocognitive disorder

Passive awareness is a stage of the ___

A. social cognitive learning theory

B. model of disability identity development

C. racial identity development model

D. sexual identity development model

B. model of disability identity development

People with multiple minority identities are ___

A. more resilient than people with only one minority identity status

B. more likely to experience the effects of ageism

C. more defensive than people with only one minority identity status

D. more likely to ignore parts of their identity

B. more likely to experience the effects of ageism

The experience of having a disability is ___

A. very similar for most people

B. is only relevant to people who are born with a disability

C. is only relevant for those people with visible disabilities

D. unique to the individual and shapes the way the person interacts with the world

D. unique to the individual and shapes the way the person interacts with the world

Which of the following is not true about "successful aging"?

A. it is objective and rigidly defined

B. it is influenced by socioeconomic factors

C. it is subjective and individually defined

D. both B and C are correct

A. it is objective and rigidly defined

What is one premise of Bandura's Social Learning Theory?

A. human beings learn through collaboration

B. agency is unintentional

C. human beings are actors who influence the environment

D. agency includes no forethought

C. human beings are actors who influence the environment

Self-reflectiveness is the ___

A. ability to reflect on self, thoughts, and actions

B. ability to be harshly critical of oneself in an effort to make change

C. ability to imitate your own behavior

D. ability to support another person in understanding that person's thoughts and behaviors

A. ability to reflect on self, thoughts, and actions

What is an erroneous belief some medical providers have that impacts the treatment African American women receive?

A. biologically African American patients are stronger than White patients

B. African American patients can endure more pain than White patients

C. African American patients are likely to exaggerate pain in an effort to secure pain medication

D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Connection and social support contribute to aging well because ___

A. people need to make social comparisons about how to behave as they get older

B. people need to stay abreast of current events

C. they aid in stress management and improving a person's self-worth

D. people need to continue to practice using language

C. they aid in stress management and improving a person's self-worth

Middle adulthood is both one of the least studied and most varied stages of development. True or false?

True

For adults in midlife, the stage of Psychosocial Development they are in is:

A. intimacy vs. isolation

B. generativity vs. stagnation

C. integrity vs. despair

D. none of the above

B. generativity vs. stagnation

According to Newton and Baltys, African American men in midlife are more likely to serve as mentors and role models for younger people in their communities than White men. This role modeling is sometimes referred to as:

A. generativity

B. kinship

C. otherfathering

D. guidance

C. otherfathering

Loevinger's Theory of Ego Development includes:

A. stages that are hierarchical and sequential

B. stages that are sequential but not hierarchical

C. stages that are hierarchical but not sequential

D. stages that are neither hierarchical or sequential

A. stages that are hierarchical and sequential

According to Loevinger, the most frequently occurring ego level for adults is:

A. between Impulse and Conformist

B. between Conformist and Conscientious

C. between Conscientious and Autonomous

D. between Individualistic and Integrated

B. between Conformist and Conscientious

In developing his theory on moral reasoning, Kohlberg built on ___ theory of cognitive development

A. Erikson's

B. Gilligan's

C. Piaget's

D. Bowlby's

C. Piaget's

Consider the cases of Clark through the lens of Kohlberg's moral reasoning framework. As Clark determines that he needs to better understand the interests of others outside himself, he is potentially moving into which stage of moral development?

A. pre-conventional morality

B. conventional morality

C. post-conventional morality

D. none of the above

C. post-conventional morality

Gilligan developed her own theory of moral development after working as a research assistant for Kohlberg because of what limitation in Kohlberg's work?

A. his singular focus on a male framework for moral development

B. the fact that the Heinz Dilemma study had poor methodology

C. the idea that females might have a different context for morality

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

D. all of the above

Kohlberg's theory of moral development focused on ___ as the apex of moral reasoning for males, whereas Gilligan's theory focused on ___ as the apex of moral reasoning for females.

A. justice; care

B. care; justice

C. responsibility; goodness

D. goodness; responsibility

A. justice; care

Other factors impacting development in middle adulthood can include:

A. relational, spiritual, familial

B. identity crisis, financial strain, illness

C. physical, sexual, cognitive

D. divorce, death in the family, empty nest

C. physical, sexual, cognitive

Consider the case of Ellen. Which of the following components of Hays' ADDRESSING model might you want to focus on in working with her?

A. age, socioeconomic status, gender identity

B. developmental disabilities, ethnic and racial identity, sexual orientation

C. age, religion, indigenous heritage

A. age, socioeconomic status, gender identity

According to Barrett (2005), the following can occur for people who are transitioning into adulthood:

A. they are able to embark on second or even third careers

B. they often are caretakers for their children's children

C. they may experience worsening psychological outcomes due to a reduction in social support and financial stability

D. they may experience an increase in their sense of belonging and purpose

C. they may experience worsening psychological outcomes due to a reduction in social support and financial stability

Consider the case of Ellen from the framework of Bronfenbrenner's Social Ecology Model. What do you believe to be true?

A. Ellen's microsystem consists of relevant dyadic relationships

B. Ellen's mesosystem represents the key interactions with people and systems that help to shape who she is

C. Ellen's macrosystem consists of her thinking about herself and her place in the world

D. A and B

E. B and C

D. A and B

McGoldrick's Multicontextual Lifecycle Framework encourages:

A. a focus on the individual's movement through different phases of the lifecycle

B. a focus on the ages and stages of development through a systemic and familial lens

C. a focus on community contexts of development

D. a focus on specific events that impact development

B. a focus on the ages and stages of development through a systemic and familial lens

Some adults in midlife experience a sense of loss when their children leave home. In Western society, this is commonly referred to as:

A. being in the sandwich generation

B. failure to launch

C. a time to pop open the champagne

D. the empty nest

D. the empty nest

In more collectivist societies, adults in midlife might view their adult children leaving home as:

A. a necessary step towards increased independence

B. not necessary as adult children are still viewed as an engaged and involved member of the family unit

C. a time to pop open the champagne

D. failure to launch

B. not necessary as adult children are still viewed as an engaged and involved member of the family unit

Consider the case of Ellen. As her adult child, Ralphie, moved back in with her while she is also helping her mother, Frances, recover from an injury, she may find herself:

A. renegotiating roles of "parent" and "child"

B. potentially having to provide, financially, for her adult child and mother

C. both A and B

D. none of the above

C. both A and B

According to Preto and Blacker (2016) the divorce rate for those over the age of 50 has:

A. been steadily declining

B. almost doubled

C. stayed about the same

D. sharply declined

B. almost doubled

Two tools mental health professionals can use with clients in midlife to explore their relevant contextual factors are:

A. Bronfenbrenner and McGoldrick

B. written and verbal intakes

C. genogram and Hays' model

D. genogram and ecomap

D. genogram and ecomap

Dr. Donna Sheperis, our expert from the field, suggests that clinicians working with clients in midlife should:

A. hold space for clients to share their intersecting identities

B. diagnose a client's presenting issue as soon as possible

C. not worry about exploring intersecting identities if the client is a cisgender, White male

D. don't share anything about your own developmental journey

A. hold space for clients to share their intersecting identities

___ provided the conceptualization of a development stage between adolescence and adulthood for people in industrialized societies.

A. Jung

B. Newman

C. Arnett

D. Levinson

C. Arnett

According to Jung, essential to understand the development is understanding the ___.

A. unconscious

B. psyche

C. collective unconscious

D. conscious

B. psyche

Which of the following pairs represent an attitudinal aspect of personality?

A. extraversion and introversion

B. hearing and tasting

C. thinking and feeling

D. perception and judgement

A. extraversion and introversion

Which of the following personality assessments is based on Jung's theory of personality?

A. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

B. Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire

C. Rorschach Inkblot Test

D. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

D. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Erikson used discreet age ranges to identify development stages. Erikson suggested that the age range for young adulthood was ___.

A. 19 to 40

B. 18 to 25

C. 18 to 30

D. 19 to 30

A. 19 to 40

According to Marcia, ___ describes the identity status of the person who is engaged in significant identity exploration, but has very little commitment to identity.

A. identity diffusion

B. moratorium

C. identity achieved

D. foreclosed

B. moratorium

Levinson's theory of adult development is referred to as the ___.

A. theory of influence

B. theory of life structure

C. theory of personality

D. theory of life course events

B. theory of life structure

According to Levinson, the ___ is the vision a person has that motivates and activates the person.

A. occupation

B. enduring love relationship

C. dream

D. mentor relationship

C. dream

Which of the following is a feature of Arnett's theory of emerging adulthood?

A. demographically vague

B. similar to other stages of development

C. time of identity exploration and instability

D. marked by stability in relationships and living arrangements

C. time of identity exploration and instability

Emerging adulthood is referred to as an "in-between" time because ___.

A. individuals have not fully transitioned into adult roles

B. individuals are obligated to follow parents' rules

C. individuals are career decided

D. individuals are usually financially independent

A. individuals have not fully transitioned into adult roles

The distinction between early adulthood and emerging adulthood is ___.

A. the discreet age range

B. that in early adulthood a person is immersed in adult roles related to work and love

C. that in early adulthood there is a substantial exploration around values like spirituality and religion

D. that in early adulthood the person is likely to be engaged in significant exploration around companionship

B. that in early adulthood a person is immersed in adult roles related to work and love

A person in the stage of emerging adulthood is likely to:

A. be very career-decided

B. be financially independent

C. be between 30 and 35 years of age

D. experience significant instability in regard to where they live

D. experience significant instability in regard to where they live

___ is used to describe people in the role of family who are not actually blood relatives in collectivist cultures.

A. fictive kin

B. third cousins twice removed

C. friends

D. neighbors

A. fictive kin

Two major strengths of the African American community are ___ and ___.

A. strong education; work ethic

B. resilience; frugality

C. individualism; permissive parenting styles

D. discrimination; racism

A. strong education; work ethic

Unlike White mothers, African American mothers must concern themselves with ___.

A. making sure that their children are in safe homes where love is freely expressed

B. protecting their children from the impact of racism

C. making sure that their children are intellectually stimulated

D. making sure that their children have adequate shelter and good nutrition

B. protecting their children from the impact of racism

___ is when a male presents as a significant role model to a person who is not his child.

A. coaching

B. mentoring

C. otherfathering

D. counseling

C. otherfathering

The stress caused by persistent experiences of racism, discrimination, and microaggressions is referred to as ___.

A. caregiver burnout

B. minority status stress

C. post-traumatic stress

D. post-traumatic slave syndrome

B. minority status stress

The rate of adults 19 to 29 years old living with their parents has been increasing since the 1960s because ___.

A. people are acquiring more education

B. people need to provide more financial support to their families

C. people are more mindful of their carbon footprint

D. people are less willing to move from their hometowns or cities

A. people are acquiring more education

Psychological stress resulting from discrimination can result in ___, ___, and ___.

A. pancreatitis; lung disease; bursitis

B. type II diabetes; arthritis; lung disease

C. high blood pressure; type II diabetes; cardiovascular disease

D. high blood pressure; lung cancer; dementia

C. high blood pressure; type II diabetes; cardiovascular disease

A contextual dynamic in the African American community that impacts the rate of unmarried African American women is:

A. African American women are more committed to traditional gender roles

B. African American women are more selective about potential partners than other groups

C. African American women are less likely than any other group to marry outside their racial or ethnic group

D. African American women place less value on marriage than other racial or ethnic groups

C. African American women are less likely than any other group to marry outside their racial or ethnic group