sensation and perception

absolute threshold

minimum to activate sensory system

threshold of conscious perception

minimum intensity to be consciously perceived by the brain

subliminal perception

between absolute threshold and threshold of conscious perception

difference threshold/jnd

minimum change to distinguish difference between two different stimuli

discrimination testing

determine jnd by presenting two different stimuli

weber’s law

difference thresholds are proportional to the original stimulus

signal detection theory

how psychological and environmental factors influence thresholds

noise trial

signal presented

catch trial

signal not presented

hit

true positive

miss

false negative

false alarm

false positive

correct negative

true negative

true positive

hit

false positive

false alarm

false negative

miss

true negative

correct negative

sclera

white of the eye

path of light

cornea, anterior chamber, iris, posterior chamber, lens

produces aqueous humor

ciliary body

ciliary body

produces aqueous humor and changes shape of lens

accommodation/changes shape of lens

ciliary body and suspensory ligaments

accommodation

changes shape of lens

vitreous humor

behind the lens

aqueous humor

in front of the lens

duplicity theory of vision

retina contains light and color receptors

macula

cones

fovea

center of macula has cones only

light perception

rod/cone - bipolar cells - ganglion cells - optic nerve - optic chiasm - optic tract - brainstem - lgn in thalamus - cortex

edge detection

amacrine and horizontal cells

nasal retinal fiber

maps visual temporal stimuli (aligning to eye position) to opposite side of brain as eye by crossing over

temporal retinal fiber

maps visual nasal stimuli (opposing eye position) to same side of brain as eye

lateral geniculate nucleus

in thalamus receives visual information from optic chiasm to relay to the visual cortex in occipital lobe

superior colliculi

midbrain controls reflexive eye movements, bypasses the thalamus/lgn

parvocellular cells

fine detail, high spatial res

fine detail detection, high spatial res

parvocellular cells

low temporal resolution

work only with stationary or slow moving objects

magnocellular cells

detect motion with high temporal resolution

high temporal resolution

magnocellular cells

location of magnocellular and parvocellular cells

distinct layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus

feature detectors

detects particular features of an object in parallel processing

path of sound

pinna/auricle - external auditory canal - tympanic membrane - middle ear - cochlea

sound perception

cochlea - organ of corti - vestibulocochlear nerve - brainstem - mgn in thalamus - auditory cortex

organ of corti

hair cells anchored between basilar and tectorial membrane for hearing

hair cells for bodily orientation

saccule and utricle sacs of vestibule

fluid of the bony labyrinth

high na perilymph

fluid of the membranous labyrinth

high k endolymph

superior olive

localizes sound

inferior colliculus

startle reflex and keeps eyes fixed on point while head is turned

vestiubulo ocular reflex

inferior colliculus

startle reflex

inferior colliculus

sends information about bodily orientation

vestibule

place theory

location of hair cell on basilar membrane determines pitch

light touch

meissner

deep pressure

merkel or pacinian

deep pressure and vibration

pacinian

stretch

ruffini

pain and temperature

free nerve endings/nociceptors

two point threshold

minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on skin to be perceived as two distinct stimuli

recognition driven by memories and expectations

top down processing

recognition by combining information from parallel processing and feature detection

bottom up processing

objects appear the closer than they are

monocular relative size

when two objects overlap, the one in front is closer

monocular interposition

convergence of parallel lines at a distance

monocular linear perspective

nearby objects seem to move faster

monocular motion parallax

retinal disparity

slight difference in image projected on two retinas

convergence

detection of angle between two eyes required to bring object into focus

constancy

perceive that characteristics of an object remain the same despite changes in the environment

elements close to one another perceived as a unit

proximity

similar objects grouped together

similarity

perceive continuous patterns

law of good continuation

subjective contours

perceiving shapes not actually present

law of closure

perceiving complete shapes from incomplete edges

high pitched hair cells

near oval window, thicker basilar membrane

medial geniculate nucleus

in thalamus receives auditory stimuli from brainstem to relay to auditory cortex, superior olive, inferior colliculus

taste perception

taste buds - brainstem- taste center in thalamus

scotopic vision

dim lighting

cuneate nucleus

nerve cells in lower brainstem carries fine touch and propioceptive information to thalamus