BIO 201 Final Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards for BIO 201 Final Exam Review

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the human body.

Physiology

The study of the function of the human body.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment.

Enzyme

A protein that acts as a biological catalyst.

Protein

A macromolecule made of amino acids.

Carbohydrate

An organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; source of energy.

Lipid

Fatty or waxy organic compounds that store energy.

Nucleic Acids

Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.

Phosphoprotein

A protein with a phosphate group attached.

Glycoprotein

A protein with a carbohydrate group attached.

Lipoprotein

A protein with a lipid group attached.

Phospholipid

A lipid with a phosphate group; a major component of cell membranes.

Substrate

A substance on which an enzyme acts.

Triglycerides

Fats consisting of glycerol and three fatty acids.

Proteoglycans

Macromolecules consisting of a core protein with glycosaminoglycans attached.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate; the main energy carrier in cells.

Dehydration Synthesis

A chemical reaction in which water is removed to form a bond.

Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction in which water is added to break a bond.

pH

A measure of acidity or alkalinity. It is defined on a scale from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Measured by the concentration of hydrogen ions

Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells break down glucose to produce ATP.

Aerobic Respiration

Respiration that requires oxygen.

Anaerobic Respiration

Respiration that does not require oxygen.

Glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate.

Krebs Citric Acid Cycle

A series of chemical reactions that extract energy from pyruvate.

Electron Transport Chain

A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons and pump protons.

NADH

An electron carrier in the citric acid cycle.

Catabolic Metabolism

The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones.

Anabolic Metabolism

The building of complex molecules from simpler ones.

Exergonic Reactions

Reactions that release energy.

Endergonic Reactions

Reactions that require energy input.

Electrolytes

Ions that conduct electrical signals in the body.

Phospholipid Bilayer

The basic structure of a cell membrane, composed of phospholipids.

Extracellular Fluid

Fluid outside the cell.

Intracellular Fluid

Fluid inside the cell.

Hydrostatic Pressure

The pressure exerted by a fluid.

Osmotic Pressure

The pressure exerted by water moving across a membrane.

Diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Osmosis

The movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

Simple Diffusion

Diffusion across a membrane without the help of a transport protein.

Facilitated Diffusion

Diffusion across a membrane with the help of a transport protein.

Active Transport

The movement of particles across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

Isotonic Solutions

Solutions with the same solute concentration as the cell.

Hypotonic Solutions

Solutions with a lower solute concentration than the cell.

Hypertonic Solutions

Solutions with a higher solute concentration than the cell.

Resting Membrane Potential

The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane of a resting cell.

Sodium/Potassium Pump

A protein pump that transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.

Action Potential

A rapid change in the membrane potential of a neuron.

Depolarization

The process by which the membrane potential becomes less negative.

Repolarization

The process by which the membrane potential returns to its resting value.

Hyperpolarization

The process by which the membrane potential becomes more negative than its resting value.

Refractory Periods

Periods when a neuron is less sensitive to stimulation.

Nerve Cell

A neuron, responsible for transmitting electrical signals. They play a crucial role in communication between different parts of the body.

Epithelia

Tissues that cover body surfaces and line body cavities.

Basement Membrane

A layer of extracellular matrix that anchors epithelial tissue to connective tissue.

Connective Tissue

Tissue that supports, connects, and separates different types of tissues and organs in the body.

Elastic Tissue

Connective tissue rich in elastin fibers.

Areolar Tissue

A type of connective tissue with a loose arrangement of fibers.

Adipose Tissue

Fat tissue. It stores energy, provides insulation, and cushions organs.

Fibroblasts

Cells that produce collagen and other fibers in connective tissue.

Macrophages

Cells that engulf and digest cellular debris and pathogens.

Mast Cells

Cells that release histamine and other chemicals involved in inflammation.

Exocrine Glands

Glands that secrete their products into ducts.

Endocrine Glands

Glands that secrete their products directly into the bloodstream.

Integumentary System

The skin and its accessory structures.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of the skin.

Dermis

The middle layer of the skin.

Hypodermis

The innermost layer of the skin.

Skeletal System

The bones and cartilage that support the body.

Long Bone

A bone that is longer than it is wide.

Compact Bone

Dense bone tissue.

Spongy Bone

Bone tissue with many spaces.

Osteons

Cylindrical structures in compact bone.

Central Canals

Canals in the center of osteons that contain blood vessels and nerves.

Canaliculi

Small channels that connect lacunae.

Lacunae

Small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells.

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells.

Osteoclasts

Bone-resorbing cells.

Bone Resorption

The breakdown of bone tissue.

Appositional Bone Growth

Bone growth in width.

Wolff’s Law

Bone adapts to the loads under which it is placed.

Epiphyseal Plate

A cartilage plate in the metaphysis of a long bone.

Epiphyseal Line

Remnant of the epiphyseal plate after bone growth has stopped.

Osteoporosis

A condition characterized by decreased bone density.

Fibrous Joints

Joints connected by fibrous connective tissue.

Cartilaginous Joints

Joints connected by cartilage. They allow for limited movement and are found in areas such as the spine and ribcage. There are two main types: synchondroses and symphyses.

Synovial Joints

Joints with a fluid-filled joint cavity.

Skeletal Muscle

Muscle attached to bones, responsible for movement.

Smooth Muscle

Muscle found in the walls of internal organs.

Cardiac Muscle

Muscle found in the heart.

Origin

The point of attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone.

Insertion

The point of attachment of a muscle to a moving bone.

Tendon

A cord of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone.

Aponeurosis

A sheet-like tendon.

Epimysium

The outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a muscle. It encases the entire muscle, providing support and helping to attach muscles to the surrounding structures.

Perimysium

Connective tissue that surrounds muscle fascicles.

Endomysium

Connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.

Neuromuscular Junction

The synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber.

T-Tubules

Transverse tubules that conduct action potentials into the muscle fiber.