ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

“Roman-like” or Roman Style

Romanesque

Architectural Character of Romanesque Architecture.

Sober and Dignified │ Picturesqueness

Structural System of Romanesque Architecture.

Romanesque Vaulting

Northern Extent

Republic of Florence

Northwestern Extent

Republic of Pisa

Southern Extent

Duchy of Naples

Capital of Kingdom of Lombardy. High degree of prosperity.

Milan

Trading links with the east.

Ravenna and Venice

Had influences with Greece and North Africa

Kingdom of Sicily

Is practically on the high road between south and north of Europe, and the relative position of each district influenced the various prevailing type of architecture.

France

On the banks of the Rhine, and in the south, cities had been established during the Roman occupation, and it was in these parts that Christianity took root, while in the north and east, paganism still existed.

Germany (Holy Roman Empire)

Isolated Island Kingdom

British Isles (Norman Conquest)

Ordinary building material of Rome.

Bricks (Central Italy)

Abundant, especially in Tuscany.

Stone (Central Italy)

Material obtained in Tivoli

Volcanic Stone, Travertine (Central Italy)

Material obtained in Carrara or Paros

Marble (Central Italy)

Primary building material in the plains of Lombardy.

Brick (North Italy)

Contributed to the wealth of the Island.

Sulphur (South Italy)

Primary influence of its architectural style.

Limestone (South Italy)

Building material that is rich in France.

Stone (France)

Quarried from the banks of the Rhine Valley.

Stone (Germany)

Due to the lack of stone in Northern Germany, this material was used as an alternative.

Bricks (Germany)

Transferred by sea to different isles.

Stone (British Isles)

Obtained in Cornwall and Devonshire.

Granite (British Isles)

Colder in the north and sub-tropical in the south.

France

Experiences extreme heat in summer and colder winters.

Germany

Cool, temperate, mild and moist climate.

British Isles

Chief source of education, civilization, and culture.

Christianity

Erection of a _______ is often the foundation of a city.

Church

The _______ had been rising to great power and influence.

Papacy

The separation of the _______ and _______ Christianity has grown wider.

Eastern and Western

Bishops conferred with authority over provincial and municipal governments.

Pragmatic Sanction (554 BCE)

Under religion, _________ ____________ were established.

Monastic Communities

Holding of land on the condition of military service. Constant warfare rendered the condition of the people unsettled.

Feudal System

Skill in __________ is at its lowest ebb.

Craftsmanship

Independent Peasants

They gave foods and crops to the knights in exhange of protection.

Freemen (The People)

Tenant Vassals (Kinghts and Abbots)

They gave protection to the freemen, and gave foods and protection to the Bishops in exchange of Land.

Lords (Knights)

Suzerain Vassals (Barons and Bishops)

They gave lands to the knights in exchange of protections, and gave lands and goods to the king in exchange of more lands.

Nobles (Bishops and Seigneurs)

They are in the same position as the Priest and the Church.

They gave lands to people in exchange of goods, protection, and lands.

The King/Duke

They are in the same position as the King/Duke.

They gave blessing to the King/Duke in exchange of lands, protections, and goods.

The Church

Highly religious people where the Pope and King reigns the land.

Holy Roman Empire

Germany was never Romanic, they were _________ ________.

Germanic People

The age were most of the people died in their 30’s because of war and plague.

Dark Ages (Medieval Period)

Election of the frankish King, Charlemagne; End of the Roman Empire; Formation of the Holy Roman Empire

799

Belief of the world’s end resulted to less construction projects; Most European nations had its time to come into full existence; France, Germany, and Spain becoming powerful; Foundation of Nordic Kingdoms; Norman Conquest of England

1000

Common plan used in Romanesque Architecture.

Latin Cross Plan

_______ was usually employed at the side aisles to address _____-______.

Vaulting; Fire-Proofing

More pronounced and are as wide as the nave.

Transepts

________ was prolonged further east.

Chancel

The ______ was raised and a crypt was located below.

Choir

The saints and bishops were buried in the _______ to make a church a legitimate church. Burial site of saints and martyrs.

Crypt

Great example of a cathedral in the Philippines that has a crypt.

Manila Cathedral

Special features and of great prominence in the design. They are either square, octagonal, or circular. Placed at the east and west ends and crossings.

Towers

Rough and coarsely built.

Walls

True or False

Most Romanesque churches are dim due to the small openings because of thick walls and buttresses.

True

________ are employed formed by pilaster strips.

Buttresses

True or False

Buttresses are built because the foundations of the walls are deep.

False

The need for buttresses is not due to the depth of the foundations but rather to support and stabilize the upper walls of a structure.

Ornaments/Decorations on top of the walls.

Arched Corbels

They use ____________ arches as openings.

Semicircular

_______ are formed with __________ or _____________.

Jambs; Receding Planes or Rectangular Recesses

They are usually placed in the transepts.

Principal Doorways

Usually placed over the principal door of the church in the west front.

Rose/Wheel Window

Rose and Wheel Window are common in ___________.

Southern Italy

A type of vaulting introduced in the Romanesque Period:

Quadpartite Vaulting

A type of vaulting introduced in the Romanesque Period:

Sexpartite Vaulting

The ________ of the columns varies is treatment.

Shaft

_________ was employed of vertical, spiral, or trellis work form.

Fluting

Shaft if sometimes covered with ___________ __________.

Sculptured Ornaments

Early examples of the capitals are patterned from the __________ and __________ capitals.

Corinthian and Ionic

Later examples of the capitals are in _____________ shape.

Cubiform (Cushion)

The mouldings are carved elaborately usually depicting ________ or _____________ ________.

Vegetable or Animal Motifs

______________ were more commonly used than mosaic which required great technical skill.

Fresco Paintings

Facade has ornamental wall passages which rose one above the other sometimes even into gables.

Central Italy

Flat facade with projecting porch.

Arched corbel table.

Northern Italy

Has Byzantine and Islamic Influences.

Southern Italy and Sicily

Aisle-less naves; Pointed Arches.

Southern France

Two flanking towers at the western facade.

Northern France

Helm Roof and Colored Bricks

Germany

Defensive Forts; Administrative Center of Fiefdoms; Residence

Medieval Castles

Type of Medieval Castle

Motte and Bailey

Type of Medieval Castle

Stone Keep Castle

Type of Medieval Castle

Concentric Castles

A raised earth mound on which a wooden or stone keep (fortified tower) was built. It was often an artificial hill, providing a strategic height advantage to defend against attackers.

Motte

A water-filled ditch that surrounds a castle or fortification. It was designed to hinder attackers by creating a physical barrier that was difficult to cross.

Moat

Arrow Slits

Crenellations

Murder Holes, they usually pour boiling water or large rocks to the enemies.

Machicolations

Battlements

Merlons

Close to the bed, corbelled out of the wall over either a moat or river.

Latrine/Garderobe

Inner Tower, Important Residence

Keep/Donjon