pharm final from quizlet

What is the science dealing with the properties of drugs and their effects on living systems?

pharmacology

What is the branch of pharmacology that deals directly with the effectiveness and safety of drugs in the clinical settings?

clinical pharmacology

What is the amount of drug given at one time?

dose

What is the amount of drug given (dose), the route of administration, the interval between doses, and the duration of therapy

dosage

What is efficacy?

effectiveness- the ability of a drug to control or cure an illness

What is the lowest concentration that produces the desired effect (concentrations below this are "subtherapeutic")?

minimum effective concentration (MEC)

What is the dose that was effective in 50% of animals?

ED50

Was is the the range of drug concentrations associated with efficacy and not toxicity?

therapeutic range

What is a relative measure of biological activity, amount of drug needed to achieve a specified biological effect?

potency

What are proprietary names?

unique name that the manufacturer gives to its specific brand of drug (ex: Lysodren)

What is the difference in type A and type B adverse reactions?

type A: can be anticipated based on the known mechanism of the drug and it is usually dose dependent
type B: an adverse event that is idiosyncratic, unpredictable, and often nondose-dependent

Describe an endogenous agonist.

a substance that induces physiological activity; it is naturally produced by the body

Describe an antagonist.

a substance that blocks the action of an agonist

Describe a competitive antagonist.

binds to the same site as an agonist but doesn't activate it therefore blocking the agonist action

Describe a partial agonist.

induce physiologic action like an agonist but don't have as strong of any effect (not as strong as pure but stronger than agonist-antagonist)

Describe a pure agonist.

induces physiologic action but is more high power because it covers more types of receptors

Describe an agonist-antagonist.

the drug may have agonist activity at one receptor site while simultaneously producing an antagonist activity at another site

Where does drug metabolization primarily occur?

the liver

What is the first pass effect? How does it affect drug doses?

this is when a large portion of orally administered drug is inactivated by the liver before it enters circulation; oral doses will usually be higher than injectable doses

What is the correct way to write out a dose in tenths?

0.1- with a leading zero before the decimal and no zeros after the tenth (even extra zeros)

If a product is an ethical product, what does that mean?

these products are only sold through licensed veterinarians; OTC; no legal basis

Who regulates pesticides (like flea and tick products)?

the EPA as long as they are topical

Who regulates biologics (vaccines and such)?

the USDA

Who regulates controlled substances?

DEA

Who regulates food, drugs, etc.?

FDA

Refills for non-controlled prescription drugs may be authorized by the veterinarian for a maximum of \_____ from the original date on the prescription.

12 months

There is a \_______ refill limit for controlled prescription drugs.

6 month

For non-food animals, do you have to use a vet product to treat a disease that a human product will also treat.

No; with food producing animals (regardless of if they are actually used for food), you MUST use a veterinary product on label in most situations

What is a compounded product?

-based on individual need
-reformulated from either a commercial product or from an API
-they are NOT for resale, a duplication of a commercially available product, or a commercial product that has to reconstituted to use or an IV admixture

What does a drug being schedule I mean?

chemical substances that have a high potential for abuse and have no legitimate medical use in treatment in the United States (heroin, LSD)

What does a drug being schedule II mean?

drugs that have a current accepted medical use for treatment in the US but have a high potential for abuse; this abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence (morphine, fentanyl)

What does a drug being schedule III mean?

drugs that are accepted in medical use in the US and have less potential for abuse than the substances in schedules I or II (codeine combinations, telazol, ketamine, euthanasia solutions)

What does a drug being schedule IV mean?

drugs with a low potential for abuse relative to substances in schedule III; they have a current accepted use and a limited physical or psychological dependence potential (benzodiazepines, phenobarbital)

What does a drug being schedule V mean?

drugs with the lowest potential for abuse of those scheduled as controlled drugs (sudafed)

How long are you required to keep DEA records?

2 years

If a veterinarian is prescribing controlled drugs at a clinic and a shelter, do they have to have two separate DEA registrations?

yes

Outdated, damaged, or contaminated CS must be disposed of, and we must follow federal regulations and filing what forms?

DEA 41

Purchase from another veterinary practice or from a pharmacy requires what form?

DEA form 222

To make corrections on DEA logs, what should be done?

-no liquid paper
-no strikeouts
-ink or typewriter used
-description must be exact

What schedule drugs cannot be refilled?

Schedule II

During repolarization, what ion moves out of the cells?

potassium

What receptor types are linked to the sympathetic nervous system?

adrenergic receptors

What do beta 1 receptors do?

they increase heart rate, strength of contraction, and the speed at which the depolarization wave travels through the heart (Beta 1's bring the beat)

What do beta 2 receptors do?

located in smooth muscle surrounding the blood vessels of the heart and terminal bronchioles in the lungs (cause vasodilation and bronchodilation when stimulated)

What receptors are associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

cholinergic

What drug is used for PVCs and ventricular arrhythmias?

lidocaine

What are examples of positive ionotropic drugs?

digoxin, dobutamine, dopamine, and pimobendan

What do ace inhibitors do?

Block conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II therefore decreasing preload and afterload

What drug can cause facial dermatitis in cats?

sprionolactone

What is a drug we use to decrease the risk of blood clots?

aspirin

What is the purpose of guaifenesin?

expectorant-used to decrease the viscosity of respiratory secretions for easier removal

What is the purpose of bronchodilators?

relax muscles around the airway and are thought to help with airway inflammation

What drugs only work for allergies?

antihistamines

Are decongestants commonly used in vet med?

no

What do mucolytics do?

break up the mucous

What is the drug of choice to induce vomiting in cats?

xylazine

What is the trade name of Maropitant?

Cerenia

What is the trade name of Ondasteron?

Zofran

What is the trade name of Metocloparmide?

Reglan

What is the trade name of diphenhydramine?

Benadryl

What is the trade name of Famotidine?

Pepcid

What antidiarrheal is contraindicated in herding breeds because these breeds are more sensitive to it?

loperamide

What antidiarrheal is not for cats?

Bismuth Subsalicylate (main ingredient in Pepto Bismol)

What drug treat hypothyroidism?

levothyroxine

What treats hyperthyroidism?

I-131

What treats cushing's disease?

mitotane/trilostane

What treats addison's disease?

Fludrocortisone (Florinef), DOCP (percorten), and glucocorticoid supplement

What treat diabetes mellitus?

Insulin is usually the best choice but Glipizide is an option

What treats an insulinoma?

iv dextrose for seizures, diazoxide, glucocorticoids

What type of blood tube shouldn't be used for therapeutic drug monitoring?

serum separator tubes because the gel separator absorbs some of the drug making the blood level inaccurate

When is it okay to start giving prednisone or prednisolone when dealing with hypoadrenocorticism?

after an ACTH stim test is done to confirm the diagnosis (if given before your ACTH results may be inaccurate)

What hypocalcemia drug doesn't require PTH and is the preferred method of vitamin D supplementation?

Dihydrotachysterol

Which form of therapy is almost always preferred for diabetes patients?

insulin

Should you shake or role a vial of insulin to mix it before giving?

roll- shaking creates air bubbles

Does it matter if you use a U40 or U100 syringe when giving insulin?

YES- use what the package says; if you don't incorrect dosing will result

What is the purpose of a mismate shot (Estradiol cypoinate injection)?

to prevent implantation in the case of accidental breeding

What is the purpose of Ovaban (Megestrol acetate)?

prevent estrus or shorten estrus- don't use back to back because of pyometra risk

What is the purpose of Regumate (Altrenogest)?

suppress estrus in mares; usually used for synchronization purposes

What is the purpose of prostaglandin F2a?

lyse the corpus luteum forcing the animal to begin estrous cycle again

What is the purpose of oxytocin?

-cause milk let down
-uterine contractions during birth and for the next 2 days

What describes a bladder that has detrusor atony (unable to generate sufficient intravesicular pressure to initiate or complete voiding)?

hypocontractile bladder

What describes a bladder that has urge incontinence (normal filling and storage or urine in the bladder is lost)?

hypercontractile bladder

What is the most common cause of incontinence in adult female dogs?

urethral incompetence

In what percentage of dogs is Phenylpropanoloamine (PPA) effective for usually?

85-90%

What drug increases urethral closure pressure by increasing the density and responsiveness of a-adrenergic receptors in urethral smooth muscle?

Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

What drug relaxes detrusor (decreasing contractions during urine storage) and is an antispasmodic?

Oxybutynin

What drug causes urethral smooth muscle relaxation; used in small animals primarily for its effect in reducing internal urethral sphincter tone in dogs and cat when urethral sphincter hypertonus is present?

Phenoxybenzamine

What drug is used primarily to increase bladder contractility; used to treat spinal cord bladder, and it's side effects are SLUD?

Bethanechol

What do NSAIDs block?

cyclooxygenase

What do steroids block?

phospholipase

What is the most common side effect of NSAIDs?

GI ulceration

In what cases would we glucocorticoids with caution?

-hyperadrenocorticism (prone to thromboembolism)
-animals that have had pancreatitis
-diabetes mellitus
-suspected fungal infection

Should you give NSAIDs to a dehydrated patient?

no

Prednisolone is classified as what type of steroid?

intermediate acting glucocorticoid

What are common topical steroids?

hydrocortisone and cortisone

What steroid is an abortifacient in cattle and can induce surfactant in fetus prior to delievery?

dexamethasone

For cats, should we use prednisone or prednisolone?

prednisolone

What is the drug name for Zyrtec?

cetirizine

What anithistamine is really good for cats?

chlorpheneramine (Chlortrimeton)

What does DMSO block?

free radical release