Ap Human Unit 4

Nation

A group of people who share common cultural characteristics. (Language, history, ethnicity, religion, etc.) Ex. Japanese, Han Chinese, Swedish, Basque, Kurds, Palestinians, Chechens, Israelis, etc.

What is the difference between a nation and an ethnicity?

A nation wants their own state while ethnicities dont necessarily.

What do states have that define them as states?

Defined territory/boundaries, stable/permanent population, (doesn't have to be high, just STABLE) Organizational structure or government, SOVEREIGNTY, International Recognition.

What is Sovereignty?

The control of $$$, military, & police, the ability to regulate immigration, No external taxes imposed, (exception: Extraterritoriality - Territory out of your boundary.)

Nation - state

A country with only 1 nation in it. (The boundary of the nation should match the boundary of the state.) Ex: Denmark, Australia, Japan, Poland, any country in western Europe.

Multinational State

A country with more than 1 nation or ethnicity. (Iraq, Iran, Russia, United States.)

Multi-State Nations

A group of people who share a common characteristic and live in multiple states. Ex: Basque, Russian, Korean, Kurds, Arabs, etc.

Stateless nation

A group of people who share a common characteristic who do not have their own territory. (Kurds, Basque.)

What are some of the problems of multinational states?

Many Centrifugal forces such as multiple languages, religions (india), shape of border, (fragmented, elongated) scarce resources, arable land, weak economy, (divides), Ideological differences (pro vs. anti-slavery) History of violence among groups, death of strong leader/popular leader (marshall Tito) Desire for "pure" nation-state leads to ethnic cleansing. (Holocaust) causes global problems, type of government.

What do centrifugal forces lead to ?

DEVOLUTION: The shift of power from the central government to the regional government. (India, Yugoslavia, Spain, Quebec) Sometimes caused by a sense of nationalism among a group of people in a multination state.

What does devolution lead to?

Separation of countries into multiple countries. (Balkanization) Ex: Yugoslavia, U.S.S.R., Belgium? Kashmir?

What are some examples of centripetal forces?

Similar language, religion, traditions, customs (holidays, Olympics), Charismatic leader (Hitler), abundance of resources, shape of border (Compact), similar ideology, (All men are created equal.), strong economy, common enemy, type of government.

Compact Boundary

Efficient, circular, capital ideally in the center. Ex: Nigeria, Ethiopia, Belgium.

Elongated Boundary

Narrow/stretched, long distance from capital, no access to ports, has an isolated part(s) of the state. Ex: Russia, Chile, Norway, Italy, Thailand. (can be both elongated and prorupted.)

Prorupted Boundary

long excess territory that protrudes outward, divides two countries, Ex: Namibia, Afghanistan, Austria, India (Most are designed for access to resources such as water, oil, or ports.)

Fragmented Boundary:

2 types: divided by water (only problem is isolation) or divided by other states. (Definitely problematic) Water: Bahamas, Philippines, Indonesia, NEw Zealand. Land: Angola, Azerbaijan, Croatia, Russia.

Perforated Boundary

A state that completely SURROUNDS another. NOT LANDLOCKED. Ex: Italy, South Africa. (NOT LESOTHO OR VATICAN CITY)

How have boundaries evolved?

First they were written (definition), Then they were drawn on a map (Delimination/deliniate), Then physical structures (built, DMZ, physical structure.) (Demarcation)

Frontier

Any land not controlled by any country. (People may claim area, but can't always control it.) Ex: Antarctica, places in Sahara Dessert.

Exclave: 2 Criteria

-A piece of land your country controls that is not connected to the mother country.

- HAS to be SEPARATED BY FOREIGN TERRITORY. (Not Water) Ex: U.S. (Alaska), Russia (Kaliningrad)

Enclave

-A group of people COMPLETELY SURROUNDED by ONE group. (Water doesn't count) (Nagorno - KArabakh in Azerbaijan)

What is the difference between an ethnic and an political enclave?

Ethnic is in citites (Chinatown, Greektown, Little Italy.) while political enclaves are countries, (Lesotho, Vatican City)

What causes enclaves?

Changing river course, Political conflict, & chain migration.

UNitary System

Power predominately w/ central government. Regional government can exist but can be taken away. (only purpose of a regional government is to assist the federal government.) Same laws throughout country, works best in small countries.

Federal System

*Different laws throughout the country, more responsive to the needs of the people (State Congress), states can makes laws, but countries can reject them, more suited for large/multinational states. (France and Poland are moving towards this type of government.)

Confederation

Weaker central government than a federal system. (Federal\= united country, confederation\= dissolvable, but each unit is sovereign.

Supranational Organization

Organization of 2 or more states for a purpose. (Economic cooperation, military defense, international stability.) Why Join? - more money (sharing), economic cooperation (Sharing knowledge), reduce trade restrictions, maintain peace.

WHat is NAFTA?

North American Free Trade Agreement. (Purpose is remove tariffs, agree to respect intellectual property rights.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization - Common defense (Attack 1- Attack all), common interests discussed, they will also intervene in trouble spots (Kosovo, Afghanistan, Bosnia, Etc.)

AU

African union - Trying to end minority led governments in Africa, promote development throughout continent \=.

Arab League

Win independence for all Arabs still under foreign rule, prevent Jewish minority in Palestine from creating state. NEW GOALS: focus on development & cooperation, & cultural changes (Women's rights, education programs.)

Organic Theory

"If you aren't growing as a country, you are dying." - states need territory to survive, expansion feeds growth of state power, no expansion \= stagnation Ex: Imperialism, Germany (WW2), VERY environmental determinist. (RATZUL)

Rimland Theory

Parts of ocean territory \= power (SPYKMAN) (Imperial Japan, British Empire, maybe USA) -ports are important, control the oceans, you control trade, conquer territory, assumed a multi-polar world.

Heartland

Power is about controlling the Heartland (Middle East) -Pivot Area \= Eastern Europe/Central Asia, You control Eurasia, you control the world, focused on one super powerful army. (MACKINDER)