Industrial Revolution, Victorian and Arts & Crafts INTD 2210

History

Industrial revolution

Agriculture, Mining, Technology, Economic change

Major turning point in human history

Income & population noticeably different

Transition from hand based work to machinery

Slums

Place peasants would live

Child labor

Worked long hours

Paid less

Easier to manage and control

Worked to support their families

Missed out on school

Were smaller

Innovation’s 3 Leading sectors

Mechanization of the textile industry

Development of iron making techniques

Increased use of refined coal

Spinny Jenny

Spinning Engine

Could be operated by unskilled workers

Key development in the industrialization of weaving

Steam engine

Source of power for pumping water and running machinery for textile mills

Could power looms

Made a lot for cheap

Fueled by coal

Locomotive

Mobile version of the steam engine

Iron Ships

Powered by steam engines

Significantly improved sea travel

Modern Factories

200 Workers

Day and night

Two 12hr shifts

Key point of the Industrial Revolution relating to interior design

With engine power, factories required less manual labor making goods less expensive and more accessible to the general public.

Impact of early industrialization

First steps to Plumbing, heating, and Lighting

Cast Iron Stove replaces the Fireplace and can also be cooked on

Coal would be used for heating to flow throughout houses

Cast iron

Was a building material

Needed strong materials to build heavier things

Brunel

Created The Great Eastern

Powered by two steam engines

Crystal Palace

Greenhouse design

Held exhibitions

Built around an elm tree

Vaulting became decorative now because iron is strong enough

Gustav Eiffel

Built the Eiffel Tower

Victorian Era (Britain)

Nations that are very industrialized become prosperous

Shift from agriculture to city life, industries, and factories

Middle class is seeing a big impact; more jobs

Excessive ornament

Things being produced for cheap

Busy excessive, Not necessary

“More is more”

The difference between Industrial and Victorian

Industrial is functional, Victorian is overly ornamental

Molds

Made elaborate designs easy to replicate

Middle class created a

Housing boom

English Victorian

Built in brick with slate roofs and stone details

Introduced Building regulations

Building requirements

Sanitation

Hot & cold water

Boilers

(Gas) Lighting/Electric Lighting

Victorian Interior

Clutter with patterned material on every surface

Eclectic

Floral patterns

Trims fringes and tassels

Portieres

Hung on a curtain rod to keep out cold air

Added “charm”

Tin ceilings

Used for ornamental effect

Embossed wall paper

Gave off the same effect as tin ceilings

Lincrusta

Wall covering that gets soft and pliable and then painted to look like a different material.

Analine dye

Manmade dyes that could produce really vivid colors

Light colors were avoided so houses didn’t look dirty

Wainscoting

Trim work used for visual interest & protection

Drawing Room

Typically where guests are

Most spacious

Most lavishly decorated

Tons of drapery

Hospitable area

Similar to a living room

Papier Mache

Was used for smaller items at first but transitioned into bigger items like furniture

Almost always black and ornately decorated with flowers, patterns, and birds

Frequently embellished with gold

Victorian Kitchen

Highly utilitarian

Never seen

Wasn’t decorated

Open shelving

Small cupboards and racks

Liked the convience of seeing everything

Ice box

Box with a block of ice

Evolved into an insulated wood cabinet with crushed ice

Hoosier cabinet

Used as a pantry for your kitchen gadgets

Victorian Bedroom

Iron bed frames

Some still canopied but most converted to open style (stopped when central heat came along)

Walls, drapery, and bed covers typically had the same pattern

Dust ruffles were common to control coal dust

Operative/Factory worker

Would supervise the machine, making sure everything runs smoothly and fix whatever went wrong

Air quality in factories

The fibers of cotton in the air created white lung disease among workers

Victorian slums

Very cramped

Row houses that were back to back and organized two up two down

Thonet

Became biggest bent wood seller

Known to produce 2,000 products a day

Created the boppard chair and bentwood rocker

Stamped all their work

Belter

Was hard to determine their products; Not stamped

Was very unique in their designs

Fabric was quilted or tufted

Had springs in the seat

Decorative wood

Rose motifs, fruit motifs

Flat non dimensional back

Victorian Era (America)

Farmers become middle class city dwellers, managers, professionals, and business men.

Brownstones

High density homes

Row homes

Italianate style

Low sloping hipped roof; usually over a square structure

Porch with columns

Brackets that uphold the roof

Square towers

Round arches (Roman Influence)

Queen Anne Style

Asymmetry

Usually wooden

Bay windows

Mixture of materials & patterns

Small nooks, bays, and irregularities

Gingerbread style

Colorful Houses

In rows

Almost looks like a gingerbread house

Very cute, elaborate, intricate moldings

Mansard Style

Steeply sloped roof

Carpenter Gothic Style

Pointed arch

Wood elements that would require a carpenter

Shingle style

Naturally gray in weather

building forms are complex

Asymmetrical

Lots of projections

In oceanfront areas

Cedar wood shingle

Adirondack Style

Camp look

Rustic style (furniture)

Large stone fireplaces

Rugs, wall hangings, animal trophies

Gothic Victorian

Leaded window

Brick/Stone

The Shakers

Segway between Victorian to Arts and craft

Were a rebellious group

Ecstatic dancing gave them their name

Had a female religious leader (Ann Lee)

Sought religious freedom

Came to America from Britain

4 Beliefs of The Shakers

Believed in pacifism

Believed in equality of the sexes

Common ownership of goods

Celibacy

Shaker communities

Self built

Very industrious

Centered around agriculture

Shared many things

Simple and functional designs

Meeting house (Religious Structure)

Almost always painted white

Tons of windows

Gambrel roof

Duplicate doors

Communal Dwelling

Like a dorm

Religion says they should live under one roof

Classified members of society

Cleaning was easier

Shaker Interiors

Bilateral symmetry

Windows on walls and ceilings to distribute sunlight and fresh air equally

Believed in separation of the sexes which caused for this design

Peg rails

Used to hang things up to clean easier; They’re mounted onto walls

Shaker Furniture

Built in furniture; No space wasted; everything had a place

Pull out laundry drying racks

Invented the circular saw, washing machine, clothes pin, & more

Created the ladder back chair

Weaved tape for chair seats

Embraced technology

12 Doctrines

Time, Order, Space, Simplicity, Perfection, Utility, Cleanliness, Health, Thrift, Honesty, Permanence, & Progress

Arts & Crafts Movement (Britain)

Follows the victorian Era

Revolting against industrialism and excessive ornamentation

Wants to return to hand craftsmanship

Ruskin

Leader of the movement

Believed designs from machines were dishonest

Morris

The design leader of the movement

Brought aesthetics & social reform

Arts and Crafts values

Natural materials

Everything is strictly functional

Useful and beautiful

Went back to medieval aesthetics

Arts and Crafts Interiors

Exposed beams

Deep toned wood

Flat woven carpets

Wood paneled walls & wallpaper

Inglenook

Recessed seating area that adjoins a fireplace

Inspired by the hearth in the Middle Ages

The alcove became a place for people seeking warmth to gather

Morris & Co.

Craftsman Guild

Created stained glass, wallpaper, and furniture

Made the Sussex arm chair

Adjustable backs

Wallpaper were always nature motifs and hand printed

Emphasized hand craftsmanship

Craftsmen Movement (America)

Arts & Crafts Movement swept England and spread to America despite the handmade and luxury items not being accessible to the working class.

Boston

Historically linked to Britain

Was the fist city to feature a society of arts and crafts

Chicago

One of the first settlement houses for social reform

Hull House

Social center for the neighborhood & social activists

Focused on innovative, social, educational, & artistic programs

Gave way to women’s rights

Broke traditional male dominated occupations

Utopian Communities

Produced Handmade goods ( Furniture, pottery, textiles etc.)

The Saturday evening girls

A reading group for immigrant girls

Founded Paul Revere Pottery

Offered the girls the ability to earn good wages

Newcomb Pottery

Formed an all women’s college (Newcomb College)

Produced pottery, metalwork, and textiles

East coast, Midwest, California

Had material changes within regions

East Coast

Most closely linked to Conservative British style

Stickley

Was interested in Ruskin/ Morris

Believed mass produced furniture was poorly constructed

Liked simple lines and quality materials

Believed furniture should be honest with no excessive gaudiness

Founded The Craftsman workshops and recruited designers to follow the Arts and Crafts movement

Mission/Craftsman =

Arts & Crafts Style

The Craftsman

A beacon for the American Arts & Crafts Movement

Molded British Ideals to suit the American style and help set America apart as unique and independent from Britain.

Most read periodical of its time

Stickley Furniture

Produced simple furniture with massive forms

Made out of solid oak

Iron hardware and leather cushions

Craftsman Farms

Stickley’s home that was turned into a museum in New Jersey

Hubbard

Founded the Roycroft institute

Spread his beliefs on the arts and crafts movement and his opinions on design

Publications/ Magazines

Were a way to get ideas about design and interiors out to the general public in America

Grueby Pottery

Had natural motifs

Known for having natural shapes

Matte green glaze

Tiffany

Designed a hanging lamp shade that resembled a Native American basket motif

Created windows, bowls, vases, lamps, and other accent pieces

Made with leaded glass

Midwest

Began w/ Arts & Crafts society at Hull House

Frank Lloyd Wright

One of the most notorious designers from the Midwest

Took on a new way for design

Started the Prairie School Movement

Used natural materials like wood, clay, & stone

Well known for custom stained glass windows

Created the Spindle chair & Print table

Prairie School Movement

Low sloped roofs

Broad overhangs

Open interiors

Long horizontal lines

Spindle Chair

Elongated back accentuated by the spindles

Print Table

Could be folded to use as a side board

Purcell & Elmsie

Ignored room division

Included multipurpose living rooms

Built-in windows to blur the boundaries between inside and outside

Believed in unified interior

Prominent prairie house designers

Created specially designed pieces for the interior

West Coast

Follows Arts & Crafts traditions

Takes inspiration from Japan and Spain

Greene & Greene

Architect brothers

Took on the craftsman tradition and the “Stick(ley)” style

Were influenced by Asian design and created the Bungalow

Created furniture to go with their house design

Bungalow Characteristics Overall

Had broad overhanging eaves

Articulated woodwork

Open plan

Blacker House (Pasadena, California)

Japanese Influenced

Bungalow style house

Everything custom designed

Gamble house (Pasadena, California)

Known as the most authentic and well-preserved example of the Arts & Crafts movement

Every detail was crafted by hand with an abundance of materials

Relates back to honest construction

Intricate woodwork

Open porches constructed of cedar

The art glass on the door acted as way for light to enter the home before electricity

Bungalow Style

The knockdown version of the more extravagant scale

Meant for the masses to afford

Designed for simplicity, economy, practicality, and flexibility

Compacted into a small space with a ton of flexibility

Meant to be ordered out of magazines

Built-in furniture

Porch acts as another room

Enter into the living room focused around the fireplace creating an inglenook

Sears

Sold 70-75,000 homes through their mail order modern homes program

Designed 447 different housing styles to pick from

Customers could choose houses that suit their tastes and budgets

Half walls

So the space wasn’t divided in small rooms but created and open feel

Could also double as bookcases

Bungalow living room

Acted as circulation space

Where family gatherings took place

Typically was the only public space

Bungalow Front Doors

Simple, Wooden, & Bulky with stained glass inserts

Bungalow Dens

Could be used as a dining room or a study retreat

Had built-in bookshelves and desks so it could function as both