HHS4U FINAL EXAM

What are some reasons people decide to have children?

To have a sense of importance/feel needed, feeling like it is the next step in life, dream to raise children, having a “mini me”.

Why do people have children when they do?

Relationship and financial stability, biological clock, accidents, state of the economy, completed education, assault.

How do children impact the economy on a societal level?

More children means more future workers and tax payers which leads to a stronger social system (e.g. more money for government funded programs).

How do children impact the economy on a personal level?

Raising children takes on a significant role in a couples financial state. It is estimated it takes up to $1 million to raise a child from birth to the age of 25. This is a major factor as to why people postpone having kids.

What are some social impacts of having children?

Children provide social and emotional benefits to the couple, helps experience life from a new perspective, gives us personal satisfaction to do what was once done for us.

How is our health been impacted by having children?

Childbirth is a risky procedure which has made advancements in medicine in order for it to be safe. Women tend to be impacted most because they’re the ones carrying the children but this also causes men to feel left out of their child’s development.

Why do people choose not to have children?

Wants to focus on career, financial state (children are expensive), poor genetic makeup, childhood trauma, fear of pregnancy, the commitment.

What are some examples of non-traditional families?

Same-sex parenting, adoption, and blended families

Give a description of same-sex families/parenting.

Becomes the social norm from the late 1970s and officially becomes legal in 2005 (Civil Marriage Act). WLW - bear children with a sperm donor. MLM - Must use adoption or surrogacy.

Give a description of adoption.

Adoptions in Canada are rare compared to natural births. Natural births in Canada are approx 250k/year. Adoption in Canada are approx 1700/year. Adoption has fallen due to access in birth control and government assistance.

How many adoptions took place in 1980?

5300

How many adoptions took place in 1990?

2800

Give a description of blended families.

These families don’t always have to mean “blood” relations. Blended families occur when divorced parents remarry so the children are either step or half siblings.

Give a description of single parent families.

When it is 1 parent. This style has started to become more common by choice (can’t find/ doesn’t want a partner, leaving the relationship).

How much of pregnancies are planned vs unplanned?

Planned - 67%

Unplanned - 33% (only includes live births, so NOT miscarriages, abortions, etc).

Describe how planning a pregnancy shapes parenthood.

Couples who plan their pregnancy experience more marital satisfaction than couples who do not. There is less stress involved and work loads are better managed.

How does a planned pregnancy shape motherhood?

The mother is treated better and receives more support. Maternity leave is already set up, budgets are made for new purchases, and mental state is prepared.

How does a planned pregnancy shape fatherhood?

Attends medical appointments. Highly involved most times.

Describe the issues regarding unplanned pregnancy.

Unplanned pregnancies are more likely to cause an unstable home situation for the child, more common amount cohabitating couples, less time to manage roles, can lead to the couple separating.

How does having children change your relationship with your partner?

Finances (higher bills, planning ahead), household duties, roles and responsibilities (changes from focusing on your partner to your children), time for intimacy.

How does having children change your other relationships?

Less time to socialize with others, form new friendships through child’s friends, kinds of social activities change, patience levels, influx of visitors after having baby.

How does teenage parenting impact society? (benefits and costs)

Benefits: longer economic contributions, reducing stigma, a stronger workforce, new parenting styles arise

Costs: Increase in reliance on the government, lot of pressure on the family, longer time to finish education, higher poverty rates.

How does teenage parenting impact children? (costs and benefits)

Benefits: Parent is more physically fit, close age gap.

Costs: Less financial support, abusive environment, social judgement.

How does teenage parenting impact parents? (costs and benefits)

Benefits: Young when finished raising children, growing up with your child.

Costs: Skipping teenagehood, hard to achieve education.

How does teenage parenting impact grandparents/extended family? (costs and benefits)

Benefits: fostering a sense of community, growing up with your grandchildren.

Costs: Having to raise children all over again, covering financial burden, might have anger involved.

What are consequences of divorce on parenting?

Change in family routine and structure, differences in parenting styles, financial issues, mental health issues, hearing about former partner’s new relationship.

What are the effects of divorce on children?

Custody arrangement, mental health of child (can be a lot to handle), activity restrictions (unable to go to after school activities because of new living arrangements).

What are the 3 different parenting styles? Give a description of each.

Authoritarian: Children should obey their children without questioning it.

Assertive: More democratic, child has input with rules, child is given independence. When rules are broken child is punishment.

Permissive: Child may set town rules and encouraged to think for themselves. When rules are broken no real consequences.

What are types of parent-child relationships?

Secure: child feels like they can depend on parent, building a secure relationship listening to child’s needs.

Avoidant: lack of security and trust between parent and child, insecure feelings - parents ignore children and their needs.

Ambivalent: Sometimes needs are not met -learned behaviour if ignored. Noticing what behaviours get attention - even if negative.

Explain difference between organized vs disorganized parenting.

Organized: provides structure and secure routine

Disorganized: causes social dysfunction and abnormal child development.

Early Canada approach to children

1870-1940, fertility rates declined as children were raised on wages not farms, child labor laws make it so children are more dependent.

Baby Boom approach to children

1946-1964, fertility rates increased to 4/mom, social policies make it easier to raise kids (baby bonus, universal healthcare)

Demographic transition approach to children

1970s, birth control is invented, legalization of abortion, marriage is delayed, fertility issues as average age rises from 20s to 30s.

What is evolutionary psychology? (mate selection theory)

Mate selection is designed to ensure that children are born and survive adulthood to reproduce.

What do men look for in women? What do women look for in men?

What men look for: appears fertile (hips wider than waist), female beauty in that culture (ex. clear skin, full lips, shiny hair, shapely figure).

What women look for: A provider (well-educated, hard working, healthy, smart, etc.)

What does “marrying up” mean?

Marrying up means to marry someone who is in a better socio-economic status than them. Women are more likely (2x more) to do this because they’re attracted to providers.

What is social homogamy? (theory of mate selection)

Picking a mate because they’re similar demographics (age, race, ethnic background, political view, religion, socioeconomic status). Proximity is a major factor is mate selection as we tend to fall in love with people we work with or live nearby.

What is compatibility?

Compatibility is when you share the same/common expectations for relationships and lifestyle.

What is ideal mate theory? (theory of mate selection)

Attraction is based on a person’s unconscious image of the ideal mate formed by pleasant and negative experiences.

What is development perspective? (theory of mate selection)

Individuals must understand themselves and be fully developed before getting involved in a long term relationship. This allows them to know what they have to offer as well as what they need.

The change with relationship building

Women tend to define themselves through connections with others. Whereas men are more likely to be independent and delay committing to a relationship.

How many more years are men typically older than there partner?

Internationally: 3 years

Canada: 2 years

What is market experience theory? (theory of mate selection)

States that dating is effective as it allows people to learn to relate to their partner and learn what they like. It is essentially sifting out unacceptable marriage partners.

What is the difference between courtship and dating?

Courtship: More formal, seeings 1 person for the intended purpose of marriage.

Dating: Seeing multiple people (after a while dating becomes courtship), stage where people explore compatibility, and overall the less serious out of the 2.

What is passion? How long does it last?

A strong romantic feeling of desire for another that develops fast. It derives from the biological need to reproduce. Lasts 3-6 months.

What is intimacy? How long does it last?

Intimacy is an intense friendship that develops slowly as each individual shares experiences thoughts and feelings with their partner. Lasts 6 months - 3 years.

What is commitment? How long does it last?

Focuses on maintaining the relationship. It grows as the rewards of staying in the relationship becomes evident, and mutual interdependence begins. Lasts 3 years to infinity.

What is Sternberg’s love triangle theory?

Passion, intimacy, and commitment all lead to a healthy, long-term relationship. These components all work together. If one is missing the relationship will be unsuccessful.

What is cohabitation?

Living and sharing a residence.

What is the purpose of marriage (both past and present)?

Past: Fulfill a social/gender role, access to “legitimate” sexual relations, child bearing, economic reasons.

Present: Personal reasons, continuing of romantic love, child bearing.

What are some marital norms?

Marrying for reasons of love, an exclusive sexual relationship, and emotional commitment to one individual.

How old are people when they get married?

On average men are 2-3 years older than the woman in the marriage. The age at which people experience their first marriage has been increasing since WWI.

Describe the economics of marriage both historically and today.

Historically: Men were the providers financially (instrumental role). Women took care of house work and children (expressive role).

Today: Egalitarian marriages are the norm now where both partners are working to make an income and sharing household duties.

What is kinship?

A social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption.

What is family of orientation?

The family of which you grow up in during childhood.

What is family of procreation?

Family you create as an adult.

What is a compassionate marriage? Where is it most common?

Chosen marriage to show your love and commitment to your partner. Common in USA, Europe, etc.

What is an arranged marriage?

When the marriage/relationship is set up by not the couple but by the family or friends. Common in Pakistan, India, and Korea.

What is a forced marriage?

When either one or both parties don’t consent to the marriage. Common in Afghanistan, Ethiopia, etc.

Why does conflict occur in a relationship?

When incompatible needs and principles that need to be reconciled between 2 people.

What is the conflict theory?

Suggests that conflict is inevitable in a healthy relationship due to changing roles of men and women.

What are 3 main issues in a relationship?

Individual vs collective rights, women’s rights vs male entitlement, and “mine” vs “yours”.

What are the 3 phases of divorce?

1. Awareness: One partner realizes the relationship is no longer working and their is a lack of satisfaction. They start to withdraw themselves from the relationship.

2. Separation: The partner initiates the divorce. Plans are made to separate finances, divide custody of children, etc.

3. Reorganization: Each partner establishes a new life with social and financial independence from each other.

Why does divorce occur?

When marriage fails to meet the expectations of one or both members. Lack of marital satisfaction. Rates of divorce fluctuate - social and moral values.

Adolescence

The period of time that follows childhood and precedes adulthood.

Transition

A changing or movement from one stage, condition or place to another. Adolescence is the transition phase.

Events that distinguish becoming an adult

Graduation, marriage, rites of passage (bar mitzvah)

The chronological clock

The literal clock - reflects age. It defines when we enter adulthood at the age of 18.

Biological clock

Reflects our physical age as we grow (sexual maturity, reaching full size/strength). Has sped up over time due to better nutrition and health care.

Psychological clock

Reflects how the brain is developing and how we mature psychologically. It includes how we gain ways of understanding the world in a more mature sense. It is difficult to measure.

Social clock

Reflects society’s “timetable” of expectations for us. It includes when certain events are supposed to happen for us in life (ex. getting driver’s license at 16).

Youth homelessness

A youth having no fixed place to sleep at night (could be couch surfing or sleeping in motels).

Causes of youth homelessness

Disruptive family environment, residential instability, and leaving home to work independently.

Underhoused vs Homeless

Underhoused: Having inconsistent housing. (couch curfing, family/friends houses, motels) Homeless: No roof at night, living on the street, may use warming shelters.

How might homelessness impact life structure and social services?

Life structure: Decreased health outcomes, coping mechanisms. Impacts to social services: Higher rates of dependence on illegal means/substances to provide basic needs.