Do Now Unit 1 (Part 1)

Chapter 14 Geography

Eastern Hemisphere; Middle East (Southwest Asia → Arabian peninsula )

Where Geographically did Islam rise?

Islam arose in the Middle East of southwest Asia. Islam came from the Arabian peninsula ( a desert region)

Who are the Bedouin peoples and how did they organize themselves?

Nomadic Arabs who were herders of goats and sheep. Organized themselves into family groups/ clan groups of interrelated families

Why did the Arabian peninsula become important economically?

Center of long distance trade networks; links china, India, Persia

Ex: goods would arrive in the Persian gulf and traveled all the way down to the Mediterranean basin.

Who is Muhammad and what was his early life like?

Muhammad = founder of Islam ( 570 c.e)

Came from merchant family, parents died at 6, became a merchant at 30

Were most Arabs monotheistic or polytheistic peoples?

Most were polytheistic

some converted to monotheistic religions like Christianity and Judaism

What happened to Muhammad in 610 C.E?

Experienced visions; messages delivered from the archangel Gabriel that Allah is the only God

What is the Quran?

Islamic Holy Book;

One long poem/ text of Muhammad’s teachings, day to day guidance, Allahs rewards and punishments. Created around 650 by followers.

What happened to Muhammad by 620 C.E?

Muhammad spread message; family → friends → citizens

Starts following allahs wishes in Mecca

Who did Muhammad come into conflict with in Mecca? What are 2 causes of this conflict?

Conflicted with Ruling elites who were merchants as well.

1. Cultural difference; Arabs were polytheistic while Muhammad promoted monotheistic notions

2. Denounced Greed; called greed immoral (alms)

What are the 5 Pillars of Islam?

Muslim obligations;

1. Acknowledgment of Allah as the only god

2. Daily prayer facing Mecca

3. Fasting during Ramadan

4. Giving to the poor

5. Hajj

What is Medina? What is Hijra?

Medina is a City north of Medina, which is where Muhammad migrated to. Persecution in Mecca caused Muhammad and his followers to go to Medina in 622 CE, which is called Hijra.

What is the Umma? What are 3 things Muhammad did for the Umma?

Umma = community of the faithful (Muhammad called his Medina community this)

1. Guided them Legally

2. Religiously (guided them in daily prayer)

3. Military guidance ( led them in battle)

4. Economically

What happened in 630 C.E?

Muhammad & Umma attacked and conquered Mecca. Forced allies to convert and established Islamic government. Destroyed shrines and replaced them with mosques.

What happened to Muhammad by 632 C.E?

Muhammad:

• Led the first pilgrimage to the ka’ba (shrine he kept), this pilgrimage is called Hajj.

• Led conquests → growth of Islam

• He dies

What is Jihad?

Unofficial 6th obligation;

• Jihad = struggle

Calls on Muslims to combat vice and evil, spread Islam, and wage war on non believers

What is Sharia and what did it offer guidance on?

Sharia = Islamic holy law

^ created by Islamic jurors and scholars

Guidance: things unmentioned in the Quran (behaviors, business, marriage, family, slavery)

What is one similarity between Islam, Judaism, and Christianity?

All are monotheistic

• Islam = Allah

• Judaism = Yahweh

• Christianity = God

What is Dar Al-Islam?

Dar al-Islam = The house or abode of Islam

• states whose official religion is Islam

Who are Arabs?

Native peoples of the Arabian peninsula: Bedouin peoples

Who are Muslims?

Followers of the religion Islam

After Muhammad’s death, what divided the Umma?

Succession disagreement → Division

Abu Bakr vs. Ali

Who is Abu Bakr?

Abu Bakr = close friend of Muhammad (follower/ disciple.

Succeeds Muhammad becoming the 1st caliph

What is a caliph and what was the umma able to do under the leadership of the first caliph?

Caliph = Deputy/ Muhammad substitute (NOT A PROPHET)

Umma leader/ Head of Islamic state

Attacks towns and Bedouin clans who dropped Islam and forced them to recognize Islam and caliph

What is Imperial Rule?

Imperial rule = Expansion Conquest

Example: Ummayad dynasty had imperial rule

By the mid-eighth century, what lands did the Islamic empire rule?

Islamic empire ruled:

• South Asia

• Africa

India, central Asia, Portugal, and more

What problem of governance and administration did Islam face during the period of its rapid expansion? What did this problem result in?

Caliph selection problems resulting in factions

Factions = political division

• Sunni

• Shia

What is the Sunni sect and what did they support?

Sunni sect was a Islamic faction

Caliph = Does not need to be family of Muhammad

• supported abu bakr

What is the Shia sect and what did they support?

Political party

Caliph = Family of Muhammad

• supported Ali (descendant of Muhammad’s uncle)

What is the Umayyad dynasty and how did they rule themselves politically?

1st official Islamic state (661-750 CE)

• Capital in Damascus

• Founded after Ali’s assassination

• Centralized government

• Imperial rule

• Bureaucracy

Who did the Umayyad dynasty favor?

The Umayyad dynasty favored Arab military aristocrats. They gave them governing and administrative roles in newly conquered regions rewarding them with money.

What was the Umayyad Dynasty’s policy towards conquered peoples?

Religious Freedom:

• special tax = jizya

No access to wealth

No political authority

No social mobility (no up no down)

What are the causes of the fall of states?

Internal problems: Spice weakness

External problems: outside threats and invasions

What caused the fall of the Umayyad Dynasty?

Resentment of Caliphs:

• Greedy

• Corrupt

Resented by Shia and conquered peoples

Who is Abu Al-Abas and how was he able to establish the Abasid Dynasty?

Abu al-Abas = Descendent of Muhammad’s uncle

Military General

Created political party which gained followers

Rejected Umayyad dynasty; defeated Umayyad forces in 750 by inviting them to dinner and slaughtering them.

What are 2 differences between the Umayyad dynasty and the Abasid dynasty?

1. Tolerance:

• Abasid = cosmopolitan and opportunities

• Umayyad = power & wealth for Arab military

2. Expansion:

• Abbasid = no expansion (interest in maintaining)

• Umayyad = Expansion

What is the battle of Talas River and why is it important?

Cause: Islam expansion

Conflict: Abbasid Vs. Tang

Effects: ends tang expansion into Central Asia

Important: spread Islam to Turkish Nomads

What was the Abbasid dynasty’s political administration like?

Borrowed traditions from Persia & Mesopotamia

• Caliph

• Capital: Damascus → Baghdad

• Regional governors/ bureaucracy

• Central government

Economy: taxes, currency, communication , military, roads

Who are Ulamma and what role did they play into the Abasid dynasty?

Ulamma = people with religious knowledge

Developed public policy based on Quran and sharia

Who are quadis and what role did they play into the Abasid dynasty?

Quadis = Judges

Hear cases based on the Quran/ sharia

Ensure observance of Islam

Who is Haruh Al-Rashid?

Abbasid Caliph (786-809 CE)

Took Abbasid to its peak

Liberal: open to new ideas

Supported artists and gave to the poor

What are the causes of the fall of the Abasid Dynasty?

Internal problems:

• Rashid dies → civil war (his sons fight)

• Governors ignore caliph and build local powers

• Peasants rebel: tax annoyance

External problems:

• Persian Family controls abasid

Who are the salijuq Turks and why are they important?

Saljuq Turks = nomadic peoples of Central Asia

Enters Abasid dynasty and converts to Islam

Gains control and conquers abasid dynasty

Chapter 13 Geography =

Eastern Hemisphere→ East Asia → China

AP World History Timeline

1. Ancient

2. Classical

3. Post classical (Medevil)

What East Asian history should you know so far?

Ancient China: Shang and Zhou Dynasty, Centralized. Warring states; 8 kingdoms at war (decentralized) and Qin wins centralizing China.

Classical China: Qin & Han

After the fall of the Han → 3 kingdoms period

What was life like in China after the fall of the Han Dynasty?

3 Kingdoms period = war
Cause: attempt to centralize
Effect: Decentralizes China

Who is Yang Jian and why is he important?

• Ambitious ruler of North China

• Led military campaigns
  a. Goal: Centralize China

  b. Important: Establishes Sui Dynasty (589–618)

What is the Grand Canal? Who built it? What was the purpose of it?

Artificial waterway
- Allowed boats inland

Built by Sui Yangdi

Purpose: Facilitate trade between North and South China. South grown foods → North

What are the causes of the fall of the Sui Dynasty?

Internal:
1. Grand Canal→ High tax & forced labor/conscription
2. Korean Campaign→ Forced military labor

^^^ Effects: Hostile people and rebellions. Emperor assassinated

What is the Tang Dynasty, and how was it established?

The Tang Dynasty (618-907) was established after Sui Yangdi’s death. A rebel leader seized Chang’an forming it into a powerful, productive, and prosperous Dynasty.

Who is Tang Taizong and why is he important?

2nd Tang Emperor (627–649 C.E.)

Rule led to economic prosperity; banditry ended, low taxes, cheap rice

What are the 3 policies that allowed the Tang Dynasty to flourish?

1. Bureacracy of Merit

2. Equal Fields System

3. Maintanance of transportation & communication networks

^^ Found in Sui Dynasty but applied more effectively in Tang

What is the equal fields system? What problems did it eventually face?

Fair way of distributing land
- 4/5 redistributed and 1/5 inherited based on recipients needs and land fertility

Problems: As the population grew, the system was influence by favors, bribery, intimindation, and influencial families CORRUPTION

What is the bureacracy of merit?

Hired and recruited officials based on education rather than social background.

Increase of officials from common families compared to the aristocrats of before. More education opportunities

What was military expansion like in the Tang Dynasty?

Conquering Dynasty:
Brought Manchuria under imperial authority and ruled lands as far as the Aral Sea and a portion of the high Plateu of Tibet

What are tributary relationships?

Allowed smaller/weaker states to recognize and pay “tribute” to the bigger one in exchange for protection and goods.

Example: China’s neighboring lands recognized China as their overlord, gave gifts, and performed kowtow

What caused the fall of the Tang Dynasty?

• Careless leadership (concubines and music > public affairs)

• Rebellions

• Deterioration of the equal-fields system

• Last emperor abdicated

  ^^ Left Tang weakened

What was China like politically after the fall of the Tang Dynasty?

• Warlord rule rises

  a. Warlords= Tang military officials

• China decentralized

Who was Song Taizu and why is he important?

• First song emperor

• Junior military officer for warlord (North China)

• Leadership = Honest & effective

  IMPORTANT: Ends warlord rule and centralizes China

Gains respect due to his leadership. In 960, his troops declared him as emperor. Taizu and troops fight rival warlords and subject them to his authority

How did song Taizu treat his military?

Persuaded top military generals to retire and tightly supervised the remaining and limited their authority.

Goal: No displacement and not too much power
^^ He mistrusted them

How did Song Taizu treat his state officials?

State officials= Bureacracy= scholar bureaucrats

Rewards: Expanded Bureacracy based off merit, increase salary, and placed them in charge of the military

What financial problems did the Song Dynasty face?

Salary increase → tax increase

Imperial Treasury (bank) faced financial pressure

How did Chinese peasant’s react to the Song Dynasty’s financial problems?

Aggravated from taxes

Launched 2 rebellions

What military problems did the Song Dynasty face?

Bureacrats running the military had little military education & knowledge which made them weak

Weak= suspectable from outside invasion

Who are the Khitan? Who are the Jurchen? How did they impact the Song Dynasty?

Khitan=
Semi-nomads of North China, AKA Manchuria. Demanded tribute with payments of Silk & Silver.

Jurchen=
Nomads of North China who conquered Khitan. Jurchen takes over North China and conquers the Song capital Chang’an.

Effects: Song moves → down sizes→ Southern Song Dynasty

What happened to the Song Dynasty in 1279 C.E?

Mongols end Song Dynasty and create Yuan Dynasty.

What are the causes of the fall of the Song Dynasty?

Internal:
- Financial (tax→ rebellion)
- Weak Military ← bureacrat leader

External:
- Khitan
- Jurchen conquers the capitol (they downsize)
- 1279 Mongol invasion → Yuan Dynasty

Why did Chinese armies venture into Korea and Vietnam?

Tang launched campaigns of imperial rule/expansion

Imperial rule expansion can be traced to Qin and Han Dynasties of classical China

What is the Silla Dynasty and what happened to it in the 7th century?

Native Korean peninsula state

Tang conquered most of the Korean peninsula and launched a conquest into the Silla Dynasty. The Silla Dynasty was unable to defend

What political compromise did the Tang Dynasty make with the Silla Dynasty?

To avoid a long, expensive war Tang forces withdraw from Korean Peninsula.

Silla King recognizes Chinese emperor as their overlord; tributary relationship

How did China’s tributary relationship with the Korean Peninsula impact Korea?

Silla kings gave gifts and performed kowtow to Chinese emperor

Gain: Received lavish gifts and Korean merchants were allowed to trade in China

How did China influence Korea in regards to education and religion?

Social: Confucian educations system

Political: Bureacracy

Cultural: Buddhism (Chan Buddhism)

Despite their many Chinese influences, how did Korea differ from China?

Political power= rulling classes= Wealthy families

No bureaucracy based on Merit

Differed through political policies and systems. Korea’s rulling power came from rulling classes made up of wealthy families while China had one ruling emperor and a bureaucracy based on merit

What is Nam Viet and what did the Tang Dynasty do there?

Chinese term for Vietnam

Tang gained control of many Viet towns

What did Vietmenese people adopt from China?

Interactive: Agricultural/irrigation systems/methods

Social: Confuciansim schools

Political= administrative techniques (scholar bureacrats)

What did Nam Viet do in the 10th century when the Tang Dynasty fell?

Viet won independence and resisted later Chinese efforts of imperial expansion

Despite their many Chinese influences, how did Nam Viet differ from China?

Cultural: Maintained indigenous religions

Social: Matriarchy (female-dominated) while China had a patriarchy (male-dominated)
- Women dominated markets and money

In regards to their relationship with China, how did Japan differ from Korea and Vietnam?

No invasion/conquest= No Chinese imperial expansion

Who were the earliest inhabitants of Japan?

Migrations of nomadic peoples from Northeast China ← Brought language, culture, religion

Korean Peninsula migrations ← brought agriculture, iron metellurgy, horses

What was early Japan like?

Small decentralized regional states created by migrants.

Dominated by aristocratic clans; wealthy families (influenced by China’s Tang and Sui)

What is the Nara period and what was it like?

• 1st early Japanese state (Nara state 710-794 C.E.)

• Created by aristocratic clan

• Capitol = Nara (copied Tang’s capitol, Chang’an)

Political: Centralized Japan → Emperor Economy: Equal fields system
Cultural: Confucian state

Despite their influence from China, how did Japan differ in regards to religion?

Similar: Adopted Chinese Buddhism ← India

Different: Indigenous religion Shinto
- Shinto= polytheistic (ancestors, nature, spirits)

What did the emperor of Japan do in 794 C.E?

Transferred imperial court:
Nara→ Heian

Effects: Heian period emergence

How did Japan rule politically in the Heian period?

2nd Japanese classical state (794-1185 C.E)

Theory: Political authority of Japanese emperors
Reality: Emperor was a figurehead (rarely ruled.) Power came from aristocratic clans such as the Fujiwara clan.

What is the tale of Genji and why is it important?

Novel of Heian Japanese court life
Author= Murasaki Shibuku

Important= Woman (patriarchy) wrote in Japanese due to no Chinese education. She started Japanese literature

What are the causes of the decline of Heian period?

Internal:
- Equal fields system failed
- Aristocratic clans dominated land

Taria (50%) vs. Minamoto (50%) = Civil war for control. 1185 Minamoto clan wins and Medevil Japan begins

What 2 periods make up Medevil Japan?

Postclassical=
- Middle ages/ Medevil
- 500 to 1500 C.E

1. Kamakura= 1185-1333 C.E

2. Muromachi= 1336-1573

Japanese History so far=

1. Ancient Japan:
   a) Migrants from Northeast China & Korean Peninsula

2. Classical Japan:

   a) Nara Period
   b) Heian Period

3. Postclassical/ Medevil Japan:
   a)Kamakura Period
   b) Muromachi Period

What was Japan like politically in the Kamakura and Muromachi Periods?

1. Decentralized
   a. Political power= local lords + clans who controls Japan land & economy

2. Away from China influence
   a. Eliminated imperial court and bureaucracy

3. Emphasis on military talent; Samurai

What is a Samarai?

Professional warrior who worked for local lords

Purpose: enforce authority (law, tax) and expand

What was Fuedalism like in Japan?

1. Monarch/ emperor

2. Shogun (military Rulers)

3. Daimyo (aristocratic clans)

4. Samurai

5. Peasants

6. Artisans/ merchants

What role did Fuedalism play in Medevil Japan?

Social + economic structure

Divided Japanese; social structure

Why is the Tokugawa Shogunate important?

A Japanese shogun who unites Japan.

Important: 1600 C.E. centralizes Japan and creates Tokugawa Shogunate

Chapter 15 Geography =

Eurasia Hemisphere:

• South Asia

• India

What South Asian History Should You Know so Far?

Ancient South Asia: migrations from indo Europeans and Aryans

6th century; regional kingdoms → war

• cause: fighting for imperial power in South Asia

Mauryan dynasty: centralized imperial rule

Mauryan fall → Gupta dynasty

Post classical = decentralized

• north vs south states

What was India like politically in the mid sixth century?

Gupta dynasty falls → decentralized regional kingdoms

Regional kingdom authority = outside invaders, local allies, Gupta regional leaders

What was northern India like politically after the fall of the Gupta dynasty?

• Local regional rule (fight 4 power)

• Intermittent war

• External problems: nomadic Turkish (Central Asia)

Who is king Harsha and why is he important?

• Northern Indian leader

• Established harshas kingdom (606-645CE)

• Important: centralized some of India

  • strong military: Calvary, infantry

• Buddhist but did not enforce

• Wealth distribution

• Assassinated

What are the causes of the decline of Harshas Kingdom?

External problems: couldn’t overcome local regional rulers, unable to centralize

• assassinated with no heir