Lab 7: PowerLab 4 - Respiratory Air Flow and Volume

uvula

frontal sinus

epiglottis

superior nasal concha

hyoid bone

sphenoidal sinus

palatine tonsil

middle nasal concha

thyroid carilage

adenoid tonsil

oropharynx

nasopharynx

laryngeal cartilages

pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube

hypopharynx (laryngopharynx)

inferior nasal concha

soft palate

esophagus

horizontal plate of palatine bone

cricoid cartilage

trachea

inferior lobe

secondary bronchus

tertiary bronchus

right lung

trachea

inferior lobe

superior lobe

left lung

cartilage ring

primary bronchus

middle lobe

superior lobe

Primary function of the respiratory system

release CO2 from body and acquire O2 for use by body

4 steps of respiration

1. pulmonary ventilation

2. external respiration

3. transport of respiratory gases

4. internal respiration

pulmonary ventilation

movement of air into (inspiration) and out of (expiration) the lungs so that gases in lungs are constantly refreshed w/ infusions of fresh air and effusions of old air

external respiration

CO2 diffuses to lungs from blood

O2 diffuses to blood from lungs

transport of respiratory gases

-uses blood of cardiovascular system

-CO2 transported from cells of body tissues to lungs

-O2 transported from lungs to cells of body tissues

internal respiration

O2 diffuses from blood to cells of body

CO2 diffuses from cells of body to blood

cellular respiration

-CO2 is produced

-O2 is used

upper respiratory system

structures from nose to larynx

lower respiratory system

structures inferior to larynx

nose

warms and moistens entering air

-provides resonating chamber for vocalizations

-cleans and filters entering air

-houses olfactory receptors

difference in nose shape

difference in nose cartilage

olfactory mucosa epithelium

lines small portion of superior nasal cavity

-contains receptors for smell

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

-lines rest of nasal cavity

-goblet cells & seromucous nasal glands

seromucous nasal glands

composed of cells that secrete mucous & cells that secrete watery, enzyme-rich fluid to humidify incoming air (lysozyme = antibacterial)

function of mucous

traps bacteria, dust, and debris

antibiotic defensins

secreted by respiratory mucosa epithelial cells to assist in killing microbial invaders

cilia in nasal cavity

sweep contaminated mucous towards the throat to be swallowed/digested

_____ air slows cilia

cold

sneeze reflex

triggered when irritants (dust, pollen) contact rich supply of sensory nerve endings in nasal cavity

-sneeze forces irritants out to protect body from them

thin walled veins and capillary plexuses

-beneath the nasal epithelium

-warms air as it is inspired

-cold air reflexively stimulates plexuses to engorge blood = greater heat transfer

-superficial location

nose bleeds caused by

superficial location of veins/plexuses making them easily damaged

nasal conchae

increases surface area

-helps create turbulence that deflects non-gaseous particles onto mucous coatings

-cooled conchae causes moisture to precipitate out & heat to be exchanged into conchae to warm them (heat/moisture gradient constantly flipped each time we breathe in/out)

paranasal sinuses

located in frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, and ethmoid bones

-lighten skull

-prone to inflammation (i.e., allergies, infection)

sinusitis

inflamed sinuses

-additional mucous/inflammatory products are produced, blocking openings between sinuses and nasal cavity

-air in sinus is absorbed = partial vacuum

sinus headache

inflamed sinuses become swollen and filled with mucous leading to buildup of pressure from air being absorbed and a partial vacuum being created

inflammation of nasal mucosa

-excessive mucous production

-leads to congestion & postnasal drip

-due to viral/bacterial infection or allergic reactions

function of epiglottis

flaps over larynx to keep food out of the nasal cavity and lungs

function of cilia

propels mucous toward the stomach

when swallowing food...

-muscular soft palate & uvula move superiorly to block off nasopharynx

-epiglottis flaps over larynx

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)

contains lymphatic tissue that traps/destroys pathogens

swollen pharyngeal tonsils

can block air passage & force patient to breathe through mouth

-painful

breathing through mouth

greatly decreases warming, filtering, and humidifying effect on air compared to air through nose

pharyngotympanic tubes

connect middle ear to nasopharynx so that air in middle ear can match pressure w/ atmospheric air (important for sound conduction & proper hearing)

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

receives both food and air

-have more protective stratified squamous epithelium

respiratory system divided into

respiratory zone and conducting zone

respiratory zone

site of external respiration

-made up of microscopic alveoli, alveolar ducts, respiratory bronchioles

microscopic alveoli

main site of gas exchange

conducting zone

consists of all tubes transporting air from nose to respiratory bronchioles

-air is humidified, warmed, filtered/cleansed

vocal folds housed in

larynx

vocal folds/vocal cords

voice production

laryngeal prominence of thyroid cartilage

Adam's apple

-more prominent in males bc thyroid cartilage is stimulated by androgens during male puberty to grow larger

-estrogen stimulates fat deposition in necks of females = smaller prominence

arytenoid cartilages

anchor vocal folds

help move the vocal folds allowing tension & relaxation

glottis

vocal folds and opening between them

-opens/closes during intermittent expiration to produce speech

laryngeal muscles

moves cartilage of larynx to change length of vocal folds and size of glottis to change pitch & produce vocalization

tense vocal folds

vibrate more

-produces higher pitch

male puberty's effect on respiratory tract

-thyroid cartilage enlargens

-larynx and vocal folds enlarge and become longer and thicker to produce deeper voice

loudness determined by

force with which air is expired across vocal folds

-more force = louder sound

pharynx, nasal, oral, and sinus cavities

resonate sounds to enhance/amplify them

enunciation

muscles in lips, soft palate, tongue, pharynx

laryngitis

inflammation of the vocal folds which causes them to swell and vibrate incorrectly

-hoarse tone

-commonly caused by viral infection

straining to defecate

vocal folds completely close over glottis to stop air passage

-abdominal muscles contract & glottis closes to increase intra-abdominal pressure to help empty rectum = Valsalva maneuver

valsava maneuver

holding the breath and straining against a closed glottis.

-increases pressure in thorax = decreases venous return to heart by squeezing major blood vessels & presses on Vagus nerve to increase vagal tone

inhalation

-thoracic pressure decreases

-venous return increases

-vagal tone decreases

-HR increases

exhalation

-thoracic pressure increases

-venous return decreases

-vagal tone increases

-HR decreases

Boyle's law

A principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature

expiration

diaphragm relaxes, ribs and sternum depress: chest cavity and lungs contract

inspiration

diaphragm contracts, ribs and sternum expand: chest cavity and lungs expand

heart rate increases when we

breathe in

heart rate decreases when we

breathe out

trachea

composed of mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia

-elasticity allows it to move during breathing

-cartilage rings hold trachea open for air to move continuousl

cartilage rings of trachea

C-shaped

-allows for esophagus behind to expand during swallowing

mucosa of trachea

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium containing goblet cells

-produces/moves mucus up out of lungs

submucosa of trachea

seromucous glands

adventitia of trachea

outermost connective tissue sheath

trachealis

between esophagus and trachea

-contraction aids in rapid movement of air & mucus out of lungs/trachea during coughing

right side

3 bronchi

left side

2 bronchi