POSC 201 Hammond Exam #2

What does Epicurus refer as "our first innate good."

Pleasure

Epicurus believes the principle of all these things is

Prudence

What did Stoics believe?

Believed In apathia(lack of emotion, dispassion). Highlighted prudence(lack of desire, helps keep other desires in check).

What is Alfarabi's perfect regime?

Virtuous regime (very close to the form of the polis from Plato). Ruled by most virtuous people.

What are Alfarabi's three groups

those who know, those who trust, and those who imitate(they are ruled). Trust in those who know right assist rulers

What are the basic types of the imperfect regime according to Alfarabi?

erring(does believe there are transcendent goods but is mistaken about what they are), ignorant(oblivious to transcendent goods), and immoral/wicked(know virtue but don't care and reject it)

What are the 6 different ends of imperfect regimes according to Alfarabi

timocracy, base city, vile city, tyranny, indispensable city, corporate association

Which imperfect regimes are paths towards best regime according to Alfarabi

Corporate Association: Indispensable city: necessity

Alfarabi's "virtuous" or perfect regime were compared to who

Plato (very close to the form of the polis) and St. Augustine

Who does St. Thomas Aquinas draw his philosophical thoughts from?

Aquinas draws on Aristotle(the philosopher/reason) and St Paul(the apostle, faith)

What two things are inseparable according to St. Thomas Aquinas?

Political science and prudence (need wisdom of prudence)

What communities are the best communities according to St. Thomas Aquinas?

Political communities

Right reason is:

Natural Law

What are the 4 types of law according to St. Thomas Aquinas?

Natural, Eternal, Human, Divine

What is St. Thomas Aquinas' first precept?

to do and seek good and shun evil

According to St. Thomas Aquinas Natural inclinations(syndersis) are

biological, social, and rational

What are the criteria for just laws according to St. Thomas Aquinas

must be in accord/aligned with natural and divine law), must be ordained for the common good, 2. can't exceed proper authority of legislators and legitimate power, 3. proper burdens imposed must be shared equally by all.

What are the two best regimes according to St. Thomas Aquinas

monarchy(clear where authority lies, ideal because God is King) and mixed constitutional(aristocracy, monarchy, and democracy)

What does St. Thomas Aquinas believe the problem with Christian political community are

possession of private property

What are St. Thomas Aquinas' thought on war?

War must be Just, and only used after peace has tried to be promoted

Machievelli believes the \____ and that politics is about \_________

ENDS JUSTIFY THE MEANS (PRACTICALITY), MAINTAINING POWER,

Christine De Pizan thoughts (against Machiavelli ) are that one must:

love public good more than own good, serve the public not dominate , good morals, manners & virtue

Machiavelli's mirror of princes:

it is better to be feared than loved, but do not be hated. Fear=Respect

Machiavelli's central teachings include that

1)a prince must learn how not to be good

2)prince must set war as a priority

3)appearance matters(appear to have good qualities)

4)principle foundations of gov: good laws and armies

Machievelli believes that it much safer to be:

feared than loved, must set aside ethics and be ready to break the rules

What is Machiavelli ideal regime?

It is the republic of Rome, a mixed regime governed by rule of law, doesn't worry about a regime out of reach(plato and form of the polis)

Machiavelli's thoughts on Virtue include that

certain virtues may be admired for their own sake, but for a prince to act in accordance with virtue is often detrimental to the state.

Machiavelli "paradigm"

cunning behavior, deceit

What is Machiavelli's purpose?

to return to politics

What are Two cities, two loves, two fruits of human nature according to St.Augustine?

City of God (Civitate Dei), City of Earth (Civitate Terrena),

What are the two loves according to St. Augustine?

Amor Dei ( love of god) and Amor Sui (self-love)

What are the two fruits of human nature according to St. Augustine?

Caritas and Cupiditas

What does St. Augustine believe about politics?

Politics is necessary because without it, there would be sin

What is St. Augustine's model ruler?

A good Christian prince, that leads like a humble servant.

What are Cicero's Four Signs of Moral Goodness

Contemplate Truth, dignity, self-restraint, despise falsehood and deception

What are Cicero's three thoughts on duty and statesmanship

1. Duty to others is the most important virtue
2. Best life is the life of a statesman
3. One must cultivate virtues to lead a life worth living.

What does Plato consideras the lowest form of knowledge(eikasia)

sense experiences(a posteriori).

What are the cardinal virtues according to Plato?

Cardinal Virtues: wisdom, courage, temperance, justice

Plato's metaphysics shaped who's understanding of God as a source of absolute goodness and truth?

St. Augustines

St. Paul believed this was a mortal sin

rebellion

What is John Salisbury's mirror of Princes?

John of Salisbury (110-1180)- Mirror of Princes, Prince does what is good for the people while a tyrant does not. Ruler should be father and husband to subjects, not commander.

What are the body parts in John Salisbury's commonwealth?

Head-King, Heart-Senate, Hands-Soldiers, Feet-Commoners, without the feet the body would not function

John Salisbury believed a man who fails to do this sins

A man who fails to kill a tyrant sins against himself and the state.

What was Polybius mixed constitutional theory for Rome

\-Kingship—voluntarily accepted by subjects, governed through appeal to reason

\-Aristocracy—selected body of just and wise men

\-Democracy—citizens rule with traditions

Polybius believed these all lead to each other:

-Kingships is despotism(which leads to monarchy), aristocracy is oligarchy, and democracy is savage rule of violence(which leads to mob rule)(Unite to have all good features and prevent bad ones)

Marsiglio of Padua's philosophical theories included:

validity of law(legislator must decide what to do under fear of temporal punishment. Corporation of citizens provides best laws and institutions(best law provides common good). Continued separation of secular and religious authority—limit papal authority which he saw as the trouble which prevails among men

Christine de Pizan observed that

cruelty is against nature, as Aristotle teaches us, and everything which is against nature, by nature it is our inclination to hate.

As a political theorist, what was the "starting point" for Marsiglio of Padua (from Curtis One) in his inquiry into human nature and political activity?

the individuality and aggressiveness of humanity.

Christine de Pizan compares law to

spider webs, which catch little flies and frail butterflies, while letting strong birds go, which often destroy them when they fly through.

Who said "For, brethren, ye have been called unto liberty; only use not liberty for an occasion to the flesh, but by love serve one another."

St. Paul

Who said "No one should be set over a body of mortals except by their choice and consent. What touches all must be done by all."

William of Ockham

Who said "Justice does not exist at all, if it does not exist in Nature."

Cicero

Who said "The legislator, or prime and proper efficient cause of law, is the people or body of citizens, or its more weighty part."

Marsiglio of Padua