US History 1 Final Study Guide

precedent

an action that is regarded as an example or guide to be considered in subsequent similar circumstances

Federalists

political party that emerged from Washington's Presidency

Democratic Republicans

political party that emerged from Washington's Presidency

Alexander Hamilton

Washington's Secretary of Treasury and created the National Bank

National Bank

created by Hamilton as a way to absorb debts from the Revolution and jump start the American economy, created a national currency

Whiskey Rebellion

armed uprising in western Pennsylvania as a result of the new whiskey tax; Washington was able to send the military to end the rebellion showing the strength of the new government

Washington's farewell

the Father of the Nation stepped away after 8 years in office; it was a warning against political parties and involvement in foreign affairs; he apologizes for his mistakes but hopes the people remember him for his services

XYZ Affair

problems arose during the John Adams Presidency when French diplomats requested payment by the US to meet with French government; Adams released this info to the press, almost leading to the war with France

Alien-Sedition Acts

4 laws signed by Adams, consisting of the Naturalization Act, Alien Friends Act of 1798, Alien Enemy Act of 1798, and Sedition Act of 1798

Naturalization Act

made it harder for an immigrant to become a citizen

Alien Friends Act of 1798

allowed the president to imprison and deport non-citizens who were deemed dangerous

Alien Enemy Act of 1798

allowed the president to imprison and deport non-citizens who were from a hostile nation

Sedition Act of 1798

criminalized making false statements that were critical of the federal government

Judiciary Act of 1789

established the Federal Court system of the US

Election of 1800

election between Jefferson, Burr, Adams, and Pickney that resulted in the election going to the House and them choosing Jefferson; resulted in the 12th Amendment being ratified

12th Amendment

cleaned up the process for the House to elect the president if necessary, allows the President and the VP to run on the same ticket

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson buys the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon, doubling the size of the US

Lewis & Clark

led the expedition of the new territory purchased by Jefferson

Marbury v Madison (1803)

created the power of judicial review for the Supreme Court

McCulloch v Maryland (1819)

allowed the Federal Government to create the National Bank as it was necessary and proper

War of 1812

fought between the US and England which led to an increased sense of nationalism in the US; ushered in the Era of Good Feeling in part of the election of James Monroe

Era of Good Feeling

after the Federalist Party dissolved after the War of 1812, the US entered into a time of political peace

Henry Clay

the Greater Compromiser who created multiple compromises to keep the US being chaos during heightened tensions regarding slavery

American System

created by Henry Clay; entailed the development of industry in the United States support for a National Bank; all of this was aided by the Industrial Revolution, which brought innovations such as the steam engine and the cotton gin

Monroe Doctrine

declared the Americas to be the exclusive area of influence of the United States; told European nations not to try to develop any new colonies in or meddle in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere

Missouri Compromise

was created to keep the country together; Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, Maine would be a free state, Louisiana Territory was split into 2 spheres of interest, 1 for slaveholders and 1 for free settlers; the dividing line was set at 36/30 north latitude

Election of 1824

a messy election - Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and William Crawford were candidates; Jackson received more popular vote and electoral votes, but not enough to win; the election went to the House where Adams was elected; Jackson contended there was a corrupt bargain between Clay and Adams, as Clay was Speaker of the House and was given Secretary of State under Adams; this ended the Era of Good Feeling

John Quincy Adams

6th President of the US who defeated Jackson in the Election of 1824

Andrew Jackson

7th President of the US who was responsible for the removal of Native Americans from the Southeast and economic issues that occurred after his presidency

John C. Calhoun

Jackson's first VP who resigned over the Nullification Crisis in South Carolina

Martin Van Buren

8th President of the US known as the 'Little Magician,' replaced Calhoun as Jackson's VP and succeeded Jackson as President; his presidency was marred by economic issues that stemmed from Jackson's economic policies

Nullification Crisis

caused by the Tariff of Abominations which was the highest tariff in US history; South Carolina contended they could nullify the Tariff because it was unconstitutional; caused divide between Jackson and Calhoun; this was the only time in their careers that Jackson and Clay worked together

Spoils System

the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters; used by Jackson

Indian Removal Act of 1830

authorized the government to forcibly remove Indians from the Southeast

Trail of Tears

5000-mile long trail that the Natives were forced to use as they were relocated from the Southeast; many of them suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while en route to their new designated reserves

Jackson's War Against the B.U.S.

Jackson refused to recharter the Bank of the US and withdrew all the federal deposits and put them in state banks

Worcester v Georgia

Supreme Court ruled the Cherokee were sovereign and could not be forced to be moved

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court that ruled against Jackson in many decisions

William Henry Harrison

9th president of the US who died 30 days into his presidency after catching pneumonia during his inauguration

John Tyler

10th President of the US who was Harrison's VP and ascended to the Presidency after he died; created the line of succession

Tippecanoe and Tyler Too

slogan used for Harrison and Tyler to make them more relatable to the American people

democratic party

created by Jackson and Van Buren, became the party of popular sovereignty

whig party

political party that opposed Jackson and the Democrats, led by Clay and Adams, became the party of the rule of law

manifest destiny

supposed inevitability of the continued territorial expansion of the boundaries of the United States westward to the Pacific and beyond; the US was given the right to expand by God

Texas Revolution

1835-1836, Texas rebelled against Mexico and is granted their independence

Annexation of Texas

due to financial issues, Texas requests for annexation by the US in 1844; on Tyler's last day in office, he officially signed the paper to make Texas a part of the US

The Alamo

Texas fort that was attacked by the Mexican military and led to a massacre of Americans and Texans; became a symbol of hope and martyrdom

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Mexican General that led the assault of the Alamo

James K. Polk

11th President of the US, main goal was to aid the expansion of the US Oregon Treaty of 1846

Oregon Trail

trail used by many Americans as they moved West as a result of manifest destiny

annex

to incorporate land

Mexican-American War

war waged between the US and Mexico after Mexico would not sell all of their land in the Southwest US; led by Zachary Taylor, Winfield Scott, and John C. Fremont; decisive victory for the US

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

treaty that officially ended the Mexican-American War and granted the US the Mexican Cession for $15 million

Gadsden Purchase

the Southern part of New Mexico and Arizona purchased by the US after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Seneca Falls Convention

women's right convention held in New York; met from 1848 until the start of the Civil War

whig nominees in Election of 1848

Winfield Scott, Zachary Taylor, Henry Clay

third party candidate in Election of 1848

Martin Van Buren (Free Soil Party)

Compromise of 1850

set of 5 bills introduced to Congress by Henry Clay and Stephen Douglas

California admitted as a free state

part of the Compromise of 1850

New Mexico and Utah territories

set up with slavery to be determined by popular sovereignty

slave trade outlawed in DC

but slavery still legal there, part of the Compromise of 1850

new and harsher Fugitive Slave Law

part of the Compromise of 1850

northern and western border of Texas

set as part of the Compromise of 1850

Fugitive Slave Act

required that everyone must return a runaway slave to their master; it made them active members in the institution of slavery

Underground Railroad

a network of people, African American as well as white, offering shelter and aid to escaped people from the South

Harriet Tubman

called the Moses of her people, conductor of the Underground Railroad, would go into the South to help slaves escape to the North

Frederick Douglass

runaway slave that was able to escape to freedom and make a life in the North; opened his house as a safehouse along the Underground Railroad, instrumental in leading the charge towards abolition

Kansas-Nebraska Act

created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska where the question of slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty

Stephen Douglas

was considered the future of the Democratic Party, championed the idea of popular sovereignty

popular sovereignty

allowing the people to decide

Bleeding Kansas

pro-slavery militias from Missouri and antislavery militias from the North fighting in Kansas over the future of slavery

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by Harriet Beacher Stowe, one of the biggest critiques of slavery in literature

republican party

created as an anti-slavery party

Charles Sumner

abolitionist senator that was beaten into a coma after giving a speech about the Kansas-Nebraska Act

abolition

the action or act of abolishing a system, practice, or institution

Dred Scott v Sandford

Chief Justice Roger Tanney ruled that anybody of African descent could not be a citizen of the United States, and thus had no right to bring a lawsuit; also ruled that the federal government had no right to restrict slavery from anywhere

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during the Senate election for Illinois in 1858; made Lincoln a household name a frontrunner for the Republican nomination for president in 1860

John Brown

a fanatic abolitionist who had been fighting in Bleeding Kansas, aimed to lead a massive slave revolt throughout the South; raided arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia - arrested and charged with treason, found guilty and hanged

Election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln (R), Stephen Douglas (N-D), John C. Breckinridge (S-D), and John Bell (CU) - Lincoln wins, and the South secedes from the Union, starting with South Carolina

Franklin Pierce

did not want to touch slavery, so he listened to Stephen Douglas and allowed the Kansas Nebraska Act

James Buchanan

made matters worse by accepting the minority constitution in Kansas that allowed slavery; he also allowed the South to militarize during his term

secession

states leaving the union denouncing their place in the US

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederacy

Alexander Stephens

Vice President of the Confederacy

William Seward

Lincoln's Secretary of State, Lincoln's most trusted advisor

Chase

Lincoln's Secretary of Treasury, always contended he should have been president; appointed to Chief Justice after Roger Taney's death.

copperheads

anti-war democrats.

Attack on Fort Sumter

start of Civil War.

border states

slave states that stayed loyal to the Union - Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware.

habeas corpus

a write requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention.

Anaconda Plan

created by Winfield Scott, military plan to slowly constrict the South by - blockade of Southern ports, seize control of Mississippi River, invade the heart of the Confederacy and seizing Tennessee, Alabama, & Georgia, if necessary, attacking Richmond.

attrition

fighting until one side gives up.

First Battle of Bull Run

first major battle of the Civil War, showed that the war was going to be messy and not as easy and quick as everyone was expecting.

George McClellan

Union democratic General known as the "Young Napoleon," who assumed command of the Union Forces after the First Battle of Bull Run; he had constant run-ins with President Lincoln due to his lack of action during the war.

Battle of Antietam

bloodiest day in American history with 23,000 casualties in 1 day.

Emancipation Proclamation

document created by Lincoln that freed slaves in the South (states in open rebellion).

Vicksburg

whoever controlled Vicksburg controlled the Mississippi River.

Ulysses S. Grant

Union General fired from the military in the 1850s due to his drinking issues; when the war broke out, he assumed command of a regiment of volunteers; worked his way back to become the General in Chief of the Union Army.

Robert E. Lee

Confederate General, often considered one of the greatest military minds of the time; became the General in Chief of the Confederate Army in 1864.

Battle of Gettysburg

largest and bloodiest battle in the Americas; turning point of the war; Union victory after Pickett's Charge failed; the South never tried to invade the North again.