absolutism

when european dominance established in the 1600s, the power shifted from who to who

from mediterranean powers to northern/central europeans

what were nation states?

sovereign territory with flex borders, one political power, national culture, language, religion, and ethnicity

nation states aided in what

creating a homogenous nation that is loyal to the king

what was the difference in power of absolute monarchs and nation states?

Absolute monarchs had full control over the government while Nation States were centralized under a monarch without checks and balances.

what was the theory of divine right of kings and how did monarchs use it to their advantage?

the theory that monarchs were appointed by God and can only be questioned by God (challenging them was like challenging God)

what was the first european global power?

absolutism in spain under the rule of charles v

charles v was a member of what family?

habsburg family

what land did charles v rule over?

spain, holy roman empire, parts of italy, and netherlands

what did charles v do to spain during his rule?

- defended territoies from muslim invasions

- had conflict with france over italian territories

- opposed protestantism

- increased spanish inquisition by removing non-catholics

why did charles abdicate his throne?

the territory was too large for him to handle so he wanted to retire

what did charles do with the land he ruled over once he retired?

gave the holy roman empire to ferdinand (his brother) and spain, netherlands, and colonial holding to phillip II (his son)

what was the result of charles v giving his land away?

the holy roman empire became weaker while spain became stronger

what did phillip II do throughout his rule of spain?

- helped spain reach new cultural height by beginning the spanish renaissance

- helped spain become more devoted to catholicism

- had many wars under his rule

what was the spanish armada?

the fleet of 130 ships after the anglo spanish war

what marked the end of spain's dominance in europe?

their loss of the anglo-spanish war

what was the treaty of london?

the cessation all hostilitaties (naval attacks, privateers, funding rebellions) + the resume of Spanish + english trade as a result of the anglo-spanish war

why did spanish power begin to decline after the anglo-spanish war?

- weak/corrupt rules

- economic distress

- lack of skilled labor

- lost colonial holdings

who was responsible for the attempted assassination of hugeonot leader admiral de coligny?

it was unclear but many believed it was medici

what was the st. bartholomew's day massacre?

a massacre of the huguenots sparked by the assassination attempt on admiral de coligny

who were huguenots?

french calvinist protestants

what was the result of the massacre?

fear of protestants and complete breakdown of relations between catholics and protestants in france

who was the first bourbon monarch in france?

king henry IV

what was the edict of nantes?

granting religious freedom and overall right for protestants by giving them the ability to practice, hod office, receive education, and fortified towns for protection

what were some accomplishments of king henry IV?

- rebuilding of french economy

- military reforms

- reduced power of nobles

who was inherited the throne after the assassination of henry iv?

king louis xiii

who did king louis xiii appoint as chief advisor?

cardinal richelieu

who introduced the indentands system?

louis xiii

what did the indentands system do?

was a direct representative of the king took away reliance on local nobility

what does rqauison d'etat mean?

reason of state

what is rqauison d'etat?

the idea that the states interest justify political action, disregarding traditional/moral considerations (if it benefits the state, the state should do it)

what was the effect of rqauison d'etat?

laid the foundation for louis xiv's reign

what was louis xiii known as?

the sun king

how did louis xiii aim to completely consolidate monarchial power?

-> didn't appoint chief advisor

-> did not call on estates general

-> strengthened intendant system

-> merit based appointments in royal court

who did louis xiii appoint as financial minister?

jean baptiste colbert

how did jean baptiste colbert contribute to the country?

promoted manufacturing, mercantilism/protectionism, and net exports

by building the largest military in europe, it allowed louis to ________

maintain aggressive foreign policy

what was the effect of the revoking of edict of nantes? when did it happen?

1685 - 250,000 protestants fleed which resulted in a loss of skilled labor

why was louis xiv's treasure drained? what was the result?

he spent billions to construct versailles so he increased taxation

what power did nobles hold in louis xiv's policies?

none: only given ceremonial roles

what was the palace of versailles originally?

louis xivs hunting lodge

how did the palace of Versailles become a symbol of wealth, power, and cultural superiority?

louis included glorified artworks of himself & the monarchy, gorgeous gardens/fountains/sculptures, and had thousands of courtiers/nobles/servants/guards

who ended the mongol influence? how?

ivan the great pushed tatars out of muscovy

who established the professional standing army? what was it called?

called streltsy established by Ivan IV the Terrible

what was oprichnika?

corps of bodyguards, police, and soldiers established by Ivan the Terrible - no one has authority over them except Ivan

who did the boyars elect to be their successor?

michael romanov

what did peter the great want to do?

to modernize russia

how did peter the great modernize russia?

-> weakened boyars + reformed streltsy

-> centralized internal government

-> modernized economy

-> pushed for education

who established Russia's first navy?

peter the great

who established st. petersburg

peter the great

how did he establish st. petersburg?

-> european style city

-> center of trade

-> moved seat of government

-> oversaw construction

what was the cause of the 30 years war?

tensions between catholics and protestants

what is the main battleground of the 30 years war?

holy roman empire

how is holy roman empire devastated?

looting/raiding, disease, violence, breakdown of trade + economy, and starvation

what happens to the hapsburg power as a result of the 30 years war?

it is threatened and weakened

why is france against the hapsburgs even though they're catholic?

they don't like the hapsburgs because they're taking over the land around them

what country is neutral in the 30 years war? why?

switzerland because they are surrounded by mountains so they're difficult to invade

which people gain independence as a result of the treaty of westphalia?

swiss and dutch

what did the treaty of westphalia do?

-> restructured holy roman empire

-> gave countries independence + land

-> reaffirmed peace of augsburg

-> recognized calvinism

-> free private worship

-> end of protestant reformation

why did maria theresa take over in 1640? what was she known as? why?

because charles vi didn't have a male heir, known as "mother in law of europe" because she had 16 children

what was the pragmatic sanction?

the act of changing the law so a female could inherit the crown since charles vi didn't have a male heir

what religion were the hapsburgs?

catholic

who were the hohenzollerns?

people who inherited Brandenburg/Prussia after wars + conflicts (not a royal family)

who was the first leader of brandenburg and prussia?

frederick william

what did leopold I name fredrick?

frederick I king of prussia

who were the junkers? what did frederick william want to do with them

nobles who he wanted to form an alliance with

who did frederick iii side with during the war of spanish succession?

holy roman empire

what did fredrick emphasize during his rule?

military strength and discipline

what religion is prussia?

protestants

after elizabeth dies, it marks the end of the tudor dynasty, why?

she had no husband so there was no heir to take the throne

who takes over the throne after Elizabeth dies? this marks the beginning of what dynasty?

her cousin james iv of scotland who becomes james i of england and begins the stuart dynasty

why does james i rarely call on the parliament?

he believes in diving right and absolute power

who was charles i?

son of james i

what is the petition of right?

the law that outlaws taxation without the parliament, imprisonment without cause, quartering of soldiers, and martial law in peacetime

what was the long parliament?

numerous reforms take place which weakened power of the monarch and increased tension between the parliament and the king

what were the royalists called? who did they support? what were the parliamentarians called? who'd they support?

royalists = cavaliers: supported charles

parliamentarians = roundheads:

supported parliament

majority of england is what religion?

anglican

how did charles i die?

executed because he was found guilty of treason

what did charles I's death mark the end of?

absolute rule/divine right in england

what does oliver cromwell establish?

english commonwealth: a republic with no king

what does cromwell call himself?

lord protector

what kind of values did cromwell enforce?

puritan

what is the time period when charles ii takes over and there is a collapse of commonwealth called?

the restoration

what was charles ii called? why?

"the merry monarch" because he undid everything cromwell did (reopened pubs, theaters, encouraged arts, music)

who is james ii?

charles ii's catholic brother who succeeds him

what is the glorious revolution?

when the parliament invites William and Mary to invade England and overthrow James II

who are william and mary?

royals in netherlands

why are william and mary named joint sovereigns?

they split power with each other and the parliament

what did the english bill of rights establish?

-> limited/constitutional monarchy

-> free elections

-> no catholic royals

-> increased individual rights

how does the 30 years war actually begin?

defenestration of prague: threw 2 people out a window

what are the hapsburg's biggest ally?

the pope and spain

prussia becomes what modern country?

germany

did the roundheads or cavaliers win?

roundheads (parliament)