Chemistry Fundamentals: Scientific Inquiry, Properties, and Measurement

What science is primarily concerned with the study of matter and its changes?

Chemistry

What is natural philosophy?

An experimental approach to the study of nature.

What is the major distinction between Greek philosophers and modern scientists?

Experimentation

Which developed first: technology, chemistry, alchemy, or natural philosophy?

Technology

What is chemistry?

The study of matter and the changes it undergoes.

What does green chemistry aim to achieve?

Prevent or reduce pollution at its source.

What does archaeological evidence suggest about ancient Egyptians?

They were brewing beer and other fermented beverages over 4000 years ago.

What does the example of ancient Egyptians brewing beer illustrate about knowledge?

Technological knowledge may come before scientific knowledge.

What was NOT a result of alchemy?

The philosopher's stone was successfully used to change base metals into gold.

Who was an early proponent of environmental awareness?

Rachel Carson

What slogan was used at Dupont in the 1970s?

"Better Living Through Chemistry"

What was the effect of DDT on bird eggs?

Egg shells became very thin, preventing young birds from hatching.

What type of chemistry meets the needs of the present without compromising future generations?

Sustainable chemistry

What characteristic makes science tentative?

It is testable.

What is a scientific hypothesis?

A tentative statement that can be tested.

How must scientific results be verified?

Through further experimentation.

What is a brief statement summarizing many observations of a physical phenomenon called?

A scientific law.

What are tangible items or pictures used by scientists to represent invisible processes called?

Models

What is Kim Chemist's proposal about glue formulation called?

A hypothesis.

What is a variable in an experiment?

A variable is something that can change over the course of an experiment.

What are the characteristics of a scientific hypothesis?

A scientific hypothesis is explanatory, predictive, and testable.

Which statement is NOT true for a scientific law?

A scientific law explains observed scientific data.

Which scientific discipline is considered the most complex based on the number of variables in experiments?

Psychology

What is the easiest number of variables to interpret results from an experiment?

1 variable

Which variable is easiest to control in an experiment?

The amount of antibiotic added to a bacterial culture.

In a cancer drug effectiveness experiment, which variable is easiest to control?

The amount of drug administered.

Which variable can be most easily controlled?

Indoor temperature.

What is the desirability quotient (DQ) for methapyrilene?

Low, as it is a potent carcinogen and ineffective for sleep.

What is the DQ for saccharin?

Uncertain, due to weak carcinogenic evidence in animals but little in humans.

What additional component is included in the evaluation of societal risk?

The number of people affected by the incident.

Which risk-benefit analysis situation is most difficult to evaluate?

Large benefit and high risk.

Which science is considered to play a central role among the sciences?

Chemistry.

Which statement about chemistry is NOT true?

All statements about chemistry's importance and impact are true.

Which of the following does NOT involve chemistry?

All of the listed options involve chemistry.

What type of research is a biochemist engaged in when synthesizing a medical remedy for cancer?

Applied research.

What is the primary focus of a chemist employed by an airplane manufacturer?

Investigating new adhesives for building airplanes without rivets.

What is the difference between basic research and applied research?

Basic research seeks knowledge for its own sake, while applied research aims to solve specific problems.

What type of research is a chemist engaged in when investigating new adhesives for airplane manufacturing?

Applied research

Who was the first woman inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1991?

Gertrude Elion

Which statement about basic research is NOT correct?

Basic research is carried out to develop a particular product.

What does MRI stand for and what is its significance?

MRI stands for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and it is a noninvasive diagnostic technique that has replaced many exploratory surgeries.

What is mass a measure of?

The amount of matter in an object.

Why is mass considered a better measure of matter than weight?

Mass is independent of location, while weight depends on gravitational force.

If a person weighs 150 pounds on Earth, what would their weight be on Mars where gravity is one-third that of Earth?

50 pounds

What would be the mass of a person who has a mass of 90 kilograms on Earth when on Mars?

90 kilograms (mass remains constant regardless of location)

Which of the following is a physical change?

Ice melts at 0°C.

What is an example of a chemical property?

Potassium reacts with water to form potassium hydroxide.

Which of these is a chemical change?

Silkworms convert mulberry leaves into silk.

Which scenario does NOT involve a chemical change?

Mercury is used in barometers because it has a high density.

How can a mixture of iron, salt, and sand be separated?

Using a magnet, water, a filter, and a hot plate (only physical changes).

What does a chemical change always involve?

A change in the composition of matter.

If an object weighs 40 kg on the moon, what would its weight be on Earth?

240 kg (since gravity on the moon is one-sixth that on Earth).

What would be the weight on Mars of a person who weighs 200 pounds on Earth?

66.7 pounds (since gravity on Mars is one-third that on Earth).

If an object weighs 60 kg on Mars, what would its weight be on Earth?

180 kg (since gravity on Mars is one-third that on Earth).

What is the answer to the question regarding the weight of an object if the options are 10 kg, 20 kg, 60 kg, and 180 kg?

180 kg

What physical state retains both shape and volume?

Solid

How is a gas characterized in terms of shape and volume?

Indefinite shape and indefinite volume

What classification applies to a beverage containing carbonated water and natural lime flavor?

Mixture

How is shampoo, which contains multiple ingredients, best classified?

Mixture

What classification does tap water fall under, given it dissolves many substances?

Mixture

What is the best classification of vinegar, composed of 5% acetic acid and 95% water?

Mixture

How is refined white table sugar classified, regardless of its source?

Compound

What is the classification of molasses, a by-product of sugar refining with varying composition?

Mixture

What is a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means?

Element

What is the smallest characteristic part of a compound?

Molecule

What type of mixture is a combination of sand and salt?

Heterogeneous mixture

Which option cannot be a chemical symbol for an element?

H2

What is the chemical symbol for potassium?

K

What is the chemical symbol for chromium?

Cr

What is the chemical symbol for sodium?

Na

What is the chemical symbol for iodine?

I

What is the chemical symbol for iron?

Fe

Which substances are classified as pure substances?

Elements and compounds

What is the name of the element with the symbol Ag?

Silver

What is the name of the element with the symbol Hg?

Mercury

What is the name of the element with the symbol Au?

Gold

Which of the following represents an element: HF, Se, F2, or CO2?

Se

Which of the following represents a compound: HF, Se, F2, or CO2?

CO2

What does the species CO represent?

A molecule made up of carbon and oxygen.

If a yellow solid is dissolved in water and the liquid appears uniformly yellow, how is this liquid classified?

Homogeneous mixture.

What is another name for a solution?

Homogeneous mixture.

In the SI system, what is the unit of length?

Meter.

What is the unit of mass in the SI system?

Kilogram.

How many meters are in 10.0 cm?

0.100 meters.

How many kilometers are in 800 m?

0.8 kilometers.

How many micrograms are in 20 mg?

20,000 μg.

How can 325.0 mg be expressed in grams?

0.3250 g.

What does the prefix 'nano' mean?

10^-9.

What does the prefix 'centi' mean?

10^-2.

What does the prefix 'deci' mean?

0.1.

What does the prefix 'milli' mean?

1/1,000.

What does the prefix 'micro' mean?

10^-6.

What does the prefix 'giga' mean?

1,000,000,000.

What does the prefix 'mega' mean?

1,000,000.

What is the symbol for the prefix 'micro'?

μ.

What does the prefix 'kilo' mean?

10^3.

What is the symbol for the prefix 'mega'?

M.

What is the symbol for the prefix mega?

M

What is the SI unit for temperature?

Kelvin

Which unit is equal to 1 mL?

1 cm³