Biology Exam 1

Requirements for life

Cellular organization, ordered complexity, homeostasis, reproduction/growth/development, sensitivity, energy utilization, and evolutionary adaptation

Are viruses alive?

No

First emergent property in biological hierarchy

Atoms

Second emergent property in biological hierarchy

Molecules

Third emergent property in biological hierarchy

Macromolecules

Fourth emergent property in biological hierarchy

Organelles

Fifth emergent property in biological hierarchy

Cells

First step of the scientific method

Make an observation

Reasoning that uses general principles to make specific predictions

Deductive reasoning

Reasoning that uses specific observations to construct general principles

Inductive reasoning

Second step of the scientific method

Ask a question

Third step of the scientific method

Formulate a hypothesis

Definition of a scientific hypothesis

A testable and falsifiable explanation for an observation

Definition of a statistical hypothesis

A quantitative statement about a population parameter tested for statistical significance

Fourth step of the scientific method

Make predictions

Fifth step of the scientific method

Design an experiment

Sixth step of the scientific method

Conduct an experiment

Seventh step of the scientific method

Collect data

Eighth step of the scientific method

Analyze data

Ninth step of the scientific method

Report results

Hydroxyl group structure

An oxygen atom single-bonded to a hydrogen atom (-OH)

Definition of a functional group

A specific group of atoms or bonds within a molecule that determines its characteristic chemical reactions and properties

Carbonyl group structure

A carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O)

Carboxyl group structure

A carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group (-COOH)

Amino group structure

A nitrogen atom single-bonded to two hydrogen atoms (-NH2)

Phosphate group structure

A phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms (-PO4)

Methyl group structure

A carbon atom single-bonded to three hydrogen atoms (-CH3)

Meaning of 'R' in organic chemical formulas

A variable side chain or functional group attached to the main structure

Definition of a monomer

A single molecular subunit that bonds with others to form a polymer

Monomer subunit of carbohydrates

Monosaccharide

Definition of a disaccharide

Two monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis

Definition of a polysaccharide

A long chain of monosaccharides linked together

Structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls

Cellulose

Structural polysaccharide in fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons

Chitin

Meaning of the suffix '-ose'

Designates a sugar molecule

Meaning of the prefix 'poly-'

Many

Building blocks of lipids

Glycerol and fatty acids

Water solubility property of lipids

Hydrophobic

Primary lipid component forming cell membranes

Phospholipids

Energy storage role of carbohydrates

Short-term energy storage

Energy storage role of lipids

Long-term energy storage

Macromolecule classes that function as hormones

Lipids and proteins

Definition of a macromolecule

A large biological molecule built from smaller subunits

Monomer subunit of proteins

Amino acid

Monomer subunit of nucleic acids

Nucleotide

Three components of a nucleotide

A nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and at least one phosphate group

Meaning of the mnemonic CHO, CHO, CHON, CHONP

Elements present in carbohydrates (CHO), lipids (CHO), proteins (CHON), and nucleic acids (CHONP)

Definition of dehydration synthesis

Reaction forming larger molecules by joining monomers and removing water

Biological importance of carbon

Forms up to four covalent bonds to build complex organic macromolecular backbones

Maximum covalent bonds carbon can form

4

Subatomic particle: proton

Positively charged particle in the nucleus with a mass of 1 amu

Subatomic particle: electron

Negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus with negligible mass

Subatomic particle: neutron

Neutral particle in the nucleus with a mass of 1 amu

Polar functional groups containing oxygen or sulfur

Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, and Sulfhydryl

Definition of a polar molecule

A molecule with an uneven charge distribution, making it soluble in water

Polarity classification of a methyl group

Nonpolar

Definition of a nonpolar molecule

A molecule with an even charge distribution, making it insoluble in water

Type of bond mediating interactions between polar functional groups

Hydrogen bonds

Definition of an independent variable

The experimental factor intentionally changed or manipulated by the researcher

Definition of a dependent variable

The factor measured or observed to evaluate the effect of the independent variable

Definition of an experimental control

A standard or constant condition used for comparison in an experiment

Maximum electron capacity of the first electron shell (1n)

2

Name of the innermost electron shell

1n

Maximum electron capacity of the second electron shell (2n)

8

Name of the second electron shell

2n

Definition of a covalent bond

Chemical bond formed when two atoms share valence electrons

Definition of an ionic bond

Chemical bond formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Number of covalent bonds hydrogen can form

1

Number of covalent bonds oxygen can form

2

Number of covalent bonds nitrogen can form

3

Definition of a polymer

A large molecule composed of many repeating monomer subunits

Chemical property of C-H bonds

High energy and hydrophobic (nonpolar)

Energy storage polysaccharide used by animals

Glycogen

Energy storage polysaccharide used by plants

Starch

Primary function of nucleic acids

To store, transmit, and express genetic information

Definition of purines

Double-ring nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids

Definition of pyrimidines

Single-ring nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids

The two purine bases

Adenine and Guanine

The three pyrimidine bases

Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil

Primary function of DNA

Stores long-term genetic information

Primary function of RNA

Translates genetic information to direct protein synthesis

Primary function of ATP

Acts as the primary energy currency for cellular work

Type of covalent bond joining monosaccharides in carbohydrates

Glycosidic bond

General definition of lipids

Hydrophobic organic molecules insoluble in water

Three components of a phospholipid molecule

Glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group

Two main structural types of fatty acids

Saturated and unsaturated

Definition of saturated fats

Fatty acid chains with single bonds only, holding the maximum hydrogen atoms

Definition of unsaturated fats

Fatty acid chains containing one or more double or triple carbon bonds

Definition of triglycerides

Lipids composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains used for long-term energy storage

Structure of steroids

Lipids characterized by a skeleton of four fused carbon rings

Definition of biological waxes

Hydrophobic protective coatings made of long fatty acid chains linked to alcohols

Definition of Natural Selection

Process where organisms better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce

Characteristics of Domain Archaea

Unicellular prokaryotes lacking peptidoglycan, often living in extreme environments

Characteristics of Domain Bacteria

Unicellular prokaryotes with cell walls containing peptidoglycan

Characteristics of Domain Eukarya

Organisms with eukaryotic cells containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

Definition of a control variable

A variable kept constant throughout an experiment to isolate the independent variable

Definition of a control group

The baseline experimental group that receives no treatment

Endosymbiotic Theory

Proposal that eukaryotic organelles like mitochondria evolved from engulfed prokaryotes

Definition of cytosol

The gel-like fluid portion of the cytoplasm

Definition of cytoplasm

All cellular contents inside the plasma membrane excluding the nucleus