ANA 109 Unit 2 Test Salmeron

Define tissue

groups of similar cells that have the same specialized function and embryonic origin

Define organ

a structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue types

Define histology

the science and study of tissues

Define pathologist

a physician who practices and studies histology

Example of epithelial tissue

simple squamous

Example of connective tissue

areolar

Example of muscle tissue

skeletal

Describe epithelial tissue and its functions

A continuous sheet of cells that form a protective barrier on the body surfaces and passageways. It is avascular and lines organs, cavities, tracts, and forms glands

Describe apical surface of a tissue

surface facing the body cavity, lumen, or outside world

Describe basal surface of a tissue

deep surface that adheres to an extracellular material

Describe basement membrane

extracellular material that attaches the epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue

What is 1 epithelial cell and its differences called?

shape

What is a group of epithelial cells and their differences called?

arrangement

Shape of epithelial cell that is flat; looks like a fried egg

squamous

Shape of epithelial cell that is a box-shape

cuboidal

Shape of epithelial cell that is taller than it is wide

columnar

Arrangement of epithelial cells that is one layer and has all cells touching the basement membrane

simple

Arrangement of epithelial cells that has all cells touch the basement membrane but NOT the apical surface

pseudostratified

Arrangement of epithelial cells that is more than one layer and has one layer touch the basement membrane and other stack on top

stratified

Describe simple squamous epithelium

1 single layer of squamous cells that helps with fast filtration and diffusion and is found in the lining of blood vessels, lining of interior heart, serous membranes, lymphatic vessels, and alveoli of lungs

Describe simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cube-like cells that is used in controlled filtration and reabsorption and is found in the glands, liver, and kidney tubules

Describe simple columnar epithelium

single layer of tall cells that can have microvilli and cilia on its surface in order to increase surface area, used in absorption and secretion and is found in the small intestine (w/ microvilli) and uterine tubes (w/ motile cilia)

Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium

one layer of possibly ciliated cells that is used to sweep mucous and in protection from pathogens and is also found in the trachea

Describe keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

multiple layers of squamous cells, very flat on top (dead cells) and rounded on the bottom; used in protection from water, abrasion, infection, and UV radiation; found in the skin

Describe non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

multiple layers of squamous cells, very flat on top (dead cells) and rounded on the bottom; used for protection against abrasion and infection; found in the mouth and vagina

Describe transitional epithelium

stratified epithelium but rounded; used to hold fluid (must be able to stretch and be elastic) and found in the urinary tract (bladder, ureter, urethra, etc.)

Define extracellular matrix

the material between the cells that acts like "packing material" to anchor and connect cells within a tissue together

What are the functions of connective tissues?

structure, binding of tissues together, store energy, and protection

Are most connective tissues well vascularized?

Yes

What connective tissue is not well vascularized?

cartilage and tendons

Define collagen

protein fiber and extracellular matrix that is strong, flexible, and packed in parallel bundles of fibers used for support and diffusion/osmosis

Define elastic/elastin

protein fiber and extracellular matrix that is meant to stretch and recoil

Define reticular

protein fiber and extracellular matrix that is made of collagen, is fine (thin threads), and used for supporting framework for organs and for filtering

Define fibroblasts

most common cell in CT; large, flat, branching cells used to help maintain protein fibers that are in the matrix

Define immune cells

cells in the CT that include: macrophage, mast cells, and white blood cells

Define macrophage

immune cell in CT that eats debris

Define mast cells

immune cell in CT that helps with immunity (ie: heparin and histamine)

Define white blood cells

immune cell in CT that help with immunity

Define -blast suffix

specialized CT cells that are immature and learning

Define -cyte suffix

specialized CT cells that are mature versions of cells that maintain the matrix

Describe areolar tissue

loose connective tissue that has fibroblasts, collagen, elastin, and reticular cells; ground substance is semifluid (like pudding); used for support with some movement and is used in many places

Describe adipose tissue

loose connective tissue that is fat, contains adipocytes and has no fibers; used for energy reserve (times of energy deficits), protection, and insulation; found everywhere

Describe reticular tissue

loose connective tissue that contains white blood cells, reticular fibers, and a semifluid ground substance; used in filtration and is found in the spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils

Describe dense regular tissue

dense connective tissue with embedded fibroblasts, a gel-like ground substance, and thick bundles of collagen fibers; found in ligaments and tendons so they are thick binding

Describe dense irregular tissue

dense connective tissue with fibroblasts, a gel-like ground substance, and irregularly arranged collagen fibers; used for elasticity, tensile strength and stability, and found in the dermis of the skin

Describe hyaline cartilage

cartilaginous tissue with chondrocytes in lacuna (space), a thick, gel-like ground substance, and fine collagen fibers (not even visible); used for support with minimal flexibility, absorption of shock at joints, and reduction of friction at joints; found in the trachea, joints, and ends of long bones,

Describe fibrocartilage

cartilaginous tissue with fibroblasts, a thick, gel-like ground substance, and thick bundles of collagen; used for strong support and resisting of compression; found in intervertebral discs

Describe elastic cartilage

cartilaginous tissue with chondrocytes in lacunae (space), a thick, gel-like ground substance, and elastic fibers; used for strength and elasticity to maintain shape but also bend w/o pain; found in the ears and tip of nose

Describe osseous tissue

bone tissue; connective tissue with osteocytes in lacunae, a hardened and mineralized ground substance, and collagen fibers; used for support, protection, leverage, and calcium storage; found everywhere

Define blood CT

connective tissue with a liquid (plasma) ground substance, red blood cells, and white blood cells; used for transportation and protection; found everywhere

Define muscle tissue

tissue that generates force to produce body movements, maintain posture, and generate heat; composed of elongated cells

Define nervous tissue

tissue that converts stimuli to electrical signals that they conduct to other neurons, muscle cells, or glands

Describe skeletal muscle tissue

muscle tissue made of long, cylindrical muscle cells with many nuclei, has striations; voluntary movement

Describe cardiac muscle tissue

muscle tissue with striations, one nucleus, branched muscle cells (gap junctions); involuntary movement

Describe smooth muscle tissue

muscle tissue with tubes w/tapered ends, not striated, has a single nucleus; involuntary movement

What is the function of nervous tissue?

transmission of electrical signals

Define stem cells

undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function; have potential to differentiate into one or more types of mature functional cells

Define embryonic stem cells

stem cells from the early embryonic stage

Define totipotent stem cells

embryonic stem cells that can develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell OR placental tissue

Define pluripotent stem cells

embryonic stem cells that can develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell

Define multipotent stem cells

adult stem cells that can only differentiate into any cell in a given tissue type

Define unipotent stem cells

adult stem cells that have the most limited plasticity and are destined to become a single type of cell

What kind of stem cell is a zygote in?

first stage of totipotent

What kind of stem cell is a 2-cell stage in?

second stage of totipotent

What kind of stem cell is a 4-cell stage in?

third stage of totipotent

What kind of stem cell is a morula stage in?

fourth stage of totipotent

What kind of stem cell is a blastocyst stage in?

first stage of pluripotent

What kind of stem cell is an embryoblast stage in?

second stage of pluripotent

List the functions of the skin

resistance to trauma/infections, waterproofing/UV radiation/chemicals, vitamin D synthesis, sensation, thermoregulation, transdermal absorption

Describe thick skin

skin only on palms of hands and soles of feet, has sweat glands but no hair follicles, no oil glands, about 0.5mm of the epidermis

Describe thin skin

skin on all parts of the body with hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands; about 0.1mm of the epidermis

Define dendritic cell

cell of the epidermis that projects arms out to monitor the environment for invaders

Define tactile cell

cell of the epidermis that interacts with sensory nerve endings to detect touch; set off by pressure

Define keratinocytes

cell of the epidermis that is most of the skin's cells; in strata (layers) and produced in granules (useful in waterproofing)

Define melanocytes

cell of the epidermis that produces melanin; helps in UV protection; forms an "umbrella" around nucleus

Why do we not use eponyms for structures anymore?

It isn't useful to know the name of a person who discovered a structure, but rather the function of the structure

What are the two cutaneous membranes of the skin?

Epidermis and Dermis

Describe the hypodermis layer of the skin

A layer of the skin known as the subcutaneous layer that contains large blood vessels, large nerves, and is in a layer of adipose connective tissue

What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

stratum basale

What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?

stratum corner

Describe stratum basale

a layer of the epidermis that contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells, and stem cells; it is an area of high cell division, a source of cell renewal, and facilitates repair

Describe stratum spinosum

a layer of the epidermis that contains keratinocytes, dendritic cells, melanocytes; it has many layers

Describe stratum granulosum

a layer of the epidermis that contains lamellar granules (lipids and oils for waterproofing) and keratinocytes (flattened with lamellar granules); not as healthy as deeper layers because it is far from blood vessels so diffusion is more difficult (this layer is beginning to die)

Describe stratum lucidum

a layer of the epidermis that contains completely dead keratinocytes (clear, flat); it is an anchoring layers (for grip on hands); only found in thick skin (hands/fingers/feet/toes)

Describe stratum corneum

a layer of the epidermis that are filled with flat, dead keratinocytes that flake off; this is the layer we see

What is the dermis mainly made of?

It is made of dense irregular connective tissue

What are the properties of the dermis?

tensile strength (resistant to pulling fibers), extensibility (ability to stretch), elasticity (ability to recoil)

Name the two principal regions of the dermis

papillary region and the reticular region

Describe the papillary region of the dermis

the top 20% layer of the dermis that contains blood vessels, free nerve endings, and "bumps" or dermal papillae (fingerprints)

Describe the reticular region of the dermis

the bottom 80% layer of the dermis that contains fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages, also contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat and oil glands; connects the dermis to the hypodermis that embeds lots of structures

Describe phagocytosis

this action is done by macrophages and is the act of eating debris

The differences in skin color are due to:

the amount of melanin produced per melanocyte

Name the skin pigments

melanin, hemoglobin, and carotene

Describe hemoglobin

red pigment in skin that shows through thin, translucent skin on face

Describe carotene

yellow pigment in skin that settles in stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat

What are some adverse effects of UV radiation?

causes skin cancer, breaks down folic acid (which is needed for normal cell division, fertility, and fetal development)

What does melanin protect against?

UV damage and is accumulated through genetics and daily UV exposure

What are some desirable effects of UV radiation?

stimulates vitamin D synthesis (critical for dietary calcium absorption)

Describe hair

an accessory skin structure that is made of dead keratinized epidermal cells held together by extracellular proteins (matrix); this used to be important for thermoregulation in the past

Describe skin glands

accessory skin structures that are exocrine glands