Joint Range of Motion & Goniometry Practice Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering normative values, goniometer placement, and foundational concepts for joint range of motion assessment.

Range of Motion (ROM)

The motion available at any single joint, which can be assessed via visual examination or goniometric measurement.

Goniometry

The measurement of joint angles, typically recorded in degrees, using a tool developed in France in the early $1900s$.

Goniometer

A tool used to measure joint angles consisting of a stationary arm, a moving arm, and an axis.

Stationary Arm

The part of the goniometer that remains fixed during measurement, often aligned with the proximal segment of the joint.

Moving Arm

The part of the goniometer that moves with the joint, often aligned with the distal segment of the joint.

Axis (Goniometer)

The fulcrum or center point of the goniometer, typically placed over a specific bony landmark.

Active Range of Motion (AROM)

Joint motion created through voluntary muscle contraction by the patient.

Passive Range of Motion (PROM)

Joint motion created through an external force, such as the examiner.

Inclinometer

A device utilized to measure motion across multiple joints, such as the spine, calculated by the difference between the uppermost and lowest segment of movement.

Cervical Flexion (Normative Value)

$0-60$ degrees; measured with the axis at the external auditory meatus.

Cervical Extension (Normative Value)

$75-0$ degrees; measured with the axis at the external auditory meatus.

Cervical Rotation (Normative Value)

$0-80$ degrees; measured with the axis at the center of the top of the head.

Cervical Lateral Flexion (Normative Value)

$0-45$ degrees; measured with the axis at the $C7$ spinous process.

Thoracic Flexion (Normative Value)

$50$ deg; measured using inclinometers at $T1$ and $T12$ spinous processes.

Lumbar Flexion (Normative Value)

$60$ deg; measured with inclinometers at the $L1$ spinous process and the level of the sacrum.

Shoulder Flexion (Normative Value)

$165-180$ degrees; measured with the axis at the acromion process in a supine position.

Shoulder Extension (Normative Value)

$45-60$ degrees; measured with the axis at the acromion process in a prone position.

Shoulder Abduction (Normative Value)

$150-180$ degrees; measured with the axis at the acromion process and the stationary arm parallel to the sternum.

Shoulder External Rotation (Normative Value)

$80-90$ degrees; measured with the axis at the olecranon process with the arm abducted to $90$ degrees.

Shoulder Internal Rotation (Normative Value)

$70-90$ degrees; measured with the axis at the olecranon process with the arm abducted to $90$ degrees.

Elbow Flexion (Normative Value)

$140-160$ degrees; measured with the axis at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.

Elbow Extension (Normative Value)

$0$ degrees; however, hyperextension may occur in some individuals.

Forearm Pronation (Normative Value)

$80$ degrees; measured with the axis lateral to the ulnar styloid while seated.

Forearm Supination (Normative Value)

$80$ degrees; measured with the axis medial to the ulnar styloid while seated.

Wrist Flexion (Normative Value)

$60$ degrees (Clinical Lab Key); measured with the axis over the triquetrum.

Wrist Extension (Normative Value)

$60$ degrees (Clinical Lab Key); measured with the axis over the triquetrum.

Radial Deviation (Normative Value)

$20$ degrees; measured with the axis over the capitate on the posterior aspect of the wrist.

Ulnar Deviation (Normative Value)

$20$ degrees; measured with the axis over the capitate on the posterior aspect of the wrist.

Hip Flexion (Normative Value)

$0-120$ degrees; measured with the axis at the greater trochanter in a supine position.

Hip Extension (Normative Value)

$30-0$ degrees; measured with the axis at the greater trochanter in a prone position.

Hip Abduction (Normative Value)

$0-45$ degrees; measured with the axis at the ASIS (Anterior Superior Iliac Spine).

Hip Adduction (Normative Value)

$30-0$ degrees; measured with the axis at the ASIS.

Hip Internal Rotation (Normative Value)

$0-45$ degrees; measured with the axis at the center of the patella.

Hip External Rotation (Normative Value)

$45-0$ degrees; measured with the axis at the center of the patella.

Knee Flexion (Normative Value)

$0-135$ degrees; measured with the axis at the lateral femoral condyle.

Knee Extension (Normative Value)

$0$ degrees; measurement uses the lateral femoral condyle as the axis.

Ankle Dorsiflexion (Normative Value)

$0-20$ degrees; measured with the axis at the lateral malleolus.

Ankle Plantarflexion (Normative Value)

$50-0$ degrees; measured with the axis at the lateral malleolus.

Ankle Inversion (Normative Value)

$0-20$ degrees; measured with the axis on the dorsum of the foot bisecting the anterior joint line.

Ankle Eversion (Normative Value)

$10-0$ degrees; measured with the axis on the dorsum of the foot bisecting the anterior joint line.