A&P and Pharmacology Exam 1 Study

What is Pharmacokinetics?

What the body does to the drug, such as how the drug is metabolized by the body etc

What is pharmacodynamics?

What the drug does to the body

What are the four processes of pharmacokinetics?

ADME, Absorption, Distributions, metabolism, elimination

What is bioavailability?

The portion of a drug that reaches the bloodstream as an active ingredient

What is an agonist?

A drug that binds to a target receptor and produces a response

What is an antagonist?

a drug that binds to a target receptor but does not produce a response, it just stops other things from binding to the receptor

What is a contraindication?

A reason to not give a medication

What is a relative contraindication?

One where the reward may outweigh the risk, caution should be used

What is an absolute contraindication?

Under no circumstances should the drug be used

What is an adverse drug reaction?

It is when there is an unintended side effect when there’s not 100% selectivity

Drug elimination

removal of an administered drug from the body through excretion of an unmetabolized drug

What is a receptor?

A site of action where a drug can affect cell function

What is the half-life of a drug?

the time it takes for an active drug substance in the body is decreased by half

What are the two key neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system?

Acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE).

What does the sympathetic nervous system generally do to the heart rate?

Increases it (triggering tachycardia)

What does stimulating the sympathetic nervous system do to the airways?

Bronchodialation

What does the parasympathetic nervous system generally do to the airways?

Bronchoconstriction

Where are nicotinic receptors located according to your notes?

On the presynaptic junctions

Where are muscarinic receptors located according to your notes?

postsynaptic junctions

What is a parasympathomimetic drug?

a drug that mimics the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system

What is a parasympatholytic drug?

they inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system

What neurotransmitter do all autonomic preganglionic neurons release?

Acetylcholine

What receptor does ACh activate at an autonomic ganglion?

Nicotinic receptor

Are nicotinic receptors involved in both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways?

yes, both use Nicotinic receptors and have ACh neurotransmitters

What receptor does parasympathetic postganglionic ACh usually activate at the target organ?

activates muscarinic receptors

What neurotransmitter do most sympathetic postganglionic neurons release?

norepinephrine

What type of receptors does norepinephrine usually act on?

adrenergic receptors

What receptor does albuterol stimulate?

Beta 2 adrenergic

What type of receptors does norepinephrine usually act on?

adrenergic receptors

Albuterol stimulates what?

bronchodilation of the lungs, therefore targeting the lungs

What is ipratropium (Atrovent)? (Atrovent is the brand name for ipratropium)

A SAMA, short acting muscarinic antagonist

Why does blocking muscarinic receptors cause bronchodilation?

It reduces the parasympathetic bronchoconstrictor effect of ACh.

What does “cholinergic” refer to?

Signaling involving acetylcholine (ACh).

What does “adrenergic” refer to?

Signaling involving norepinephrine (NE) and/or epinephrine and their receptors.

What are the two major types of cholinergic receptors?

Nicotinic and muscarinic

Apnea

absence of breathing

eupnea

normal breathing

Tachypnea

abnormally rapid breathing

hyperpnea

increased depth of breathing

orthopnea

difficulty breathing when laying down

kussmaul respirations

deep, rapid breathing, associated with metabolic acidosis

Biot’s respirations

irregular breathing with periods of apnea

Cheyne-Stokes

cyclic patter of increasing then decreasing breath followed by apnea

Agonal respiration

abnormal gasping and irregular breathing, happens towards death

Teratogenic drugs

drugs that are high risk for pregnancies

ABG

arterial blood gas

a.c

before meals

ACLS

Advanced Cardiac Life Support

AED

Automated External Defibrillator

AFB

Acid fast bacillus/bacilli

AMA

against medical advice

AIDS

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A-P

Antero-Posterior

Bi-PAP

Bilevel positive airway pressure

BLS

Basic life support

BM

bowel movement

BP

Blood pressure

C with a line over it

with

CBC

Complete blood count

CCU

Coronary care unit

CHF

congestive heart failure

Cm

centimeter

CNS

Central nervous system

CO

Cardiac output

CPAP

Continuous positive airway pressure

COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CPR

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

CPT

Chest physical therapy

CT

computed tomography

C&S

culture and sensitivity

D/C

Discontinue

DOA

Dead on arrival

DPI

Dry powder inhaler

Dx

Diagnosis

ECG

electrocardiogram

ECMO

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

ED

Emergency department

EMS

emergency medical services

ER

emergency room

f

frequency per minute

FiO2

fraction of oxygen in inspired air

g

gram

Hb

hemoglobin

HBO

hyperbaric oxygen

Hct

hematocrit

HEPA

high efficiency

HHN

Handheld nebulizer

H2O

water

hr

hour

HR

heart rate

h.s

at bedtime

ICP

intracranial pressure

ICU

Intensive care unit

I&O

Intake and output

IV

Intravenous

LLL

Left lower lobe (of the lung)

MDI

metered dose inhaler

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging

MVA

motor vehicle accidents

NBRC

National Board for Respiratory Care