CITI COI, CITI RCR, CITI social and behavioral research, clinical ethics exam 1

30 days.

Within how many days of acquiring or discovering a significant financial interest is the investigator required to submit an updated disclosure to the institution?

Any equity interest in a non-publicly traded company must be disclosed.

Which of the following is true regarding the U.S. Public Health Service and its approach to the disclosure of significant financial interests?

A publicly traded company.

According to the U.S. Public Health Service regulations, investigators are required to disclose travel sponsored or reimbursed by:

Except if that income is from the institution that currently employs the investigator.

According to the U.S. Public Health Service, a "significant financial interest" includes royalty income paid to an investigator and its disclosure is required:

The aggregate of the consulting income and the stock exceeds $5,000 and therefore is a significant financial interest.

An investigator received $4,000 of consulting income from a publicly traded drug company over the past 12 months. The investigator also owns stock in that company valued at $2,000. The investigator is submitting a grant to the National Institutes of Health that involves evaluating the effectiveness of a drug produced by the same drug company. Which of the following is true?

A report to the U.S. Public Health Service of efforts that will be taken by the institution to deal with any bias that was found in research conducted while there was an unreported financial conflict of interest.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes a mitigation report?

Disclose their investigators' new financial conflicts of interest to the PHS awarding component within 60 days of discovering them.

The U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) requires institutions to:

Investigators must disclose their significant financial interests related to their institutional responsibilities and not just those related to a particular project.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the reporting of outside interests and the management of conflicts?

Evaluate whether a significant financial interest is related to an investigator's research and constitutes a financial conflict of interest.

Institutions are required by the U.S. Public Health Service to do which of the following:

The financial conflicts of interest of senior/key personnel on projects funded by the U.S. Public Health Service.

Which of the following financial conflict of interest information must be made available by institutions on a public website or within five business days upon request?

An equity interest valued at $5,000 owned by the investigator's spouse in a company that produces products related to the investigator's institutional responsibilities

According to the U.S. Public Health Service, which of the following would be considered a significant financial interest?

Includes anyone involved in the conduct or reporting of research

According to the U.S. Public Health Service, the definition of the term "investigator":

Every 4 years

At a minimum, how often are investigators funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health required to receive conflict of interest training?

No later than the time of applying for funding.

Which of following most accurately describes when investigators pursuing U.S. Public Health Service funding are required to disclose their significant financial interests to their institution?

The obligation to design technology or acquire information in ways that take into account what effects those actions may have on society.

Within the context of RCR, social responsibility primarily refers to:

The obligation to follow specific directives, such as laws and regulations, that govern a research activity.

Within the context of RCR, compliance primarily refers to:

To promote greater awareness of proper research practice and research ethics.

Which of the following most accurately describes the main goal of RCR education and training?

Presenting someone else's ideas or words and claiming them as one's own.

Which of the following represents plagiarism?

It is a situation where the individual who wrote the manuscript is not listed as an author.

Which of the following most accurately describes the practice of ghost authorship?

Having made a significant intellectual contribution to the work.

Which of the following is the primary criterion for authorship?

Both within and between disciplines, practices differ with regard to who should be included as an author, and in what order they should be listed.

Which of the following statements is true regarding authorship practices?

The corresponding author.

Which author is normally responsible for sharing reprints of a publication with readers?

Having a sincere commitment to upholding one's word and adhering to ethical and professional standards

Within the context of RCR, integrity primarily refers to:

The obligation to use resources available for research ethically in order to conduct the best research possible.

Within the context of RCR, stewardship primarily refers to:

Some federal agencies have RCR policies but they differ in terms of the particular format of training that is required.

Which of the following most accurately describes U.S. federal policy related to RCR instruction?

The public supports research in various ways and researchers have a corresponding obligation to avoid abusing the public's trust.

The view that there is a social contract between researchers and the public is most accurately described by stating that:

If the same content s used in multiple papers, it is essential that this information be properly disclosed to journal editors and other relevant entities.

Which of the following is true regarding authors who seek to publish the same content in multiple papers?

Confirming that data have been accurately presented in the paper.

Which of the following is a responsibility of each author?

Individuals who do not meet the criteria for authorship but who have made a noteworthy contribution are normally listed in the acknowledgments section.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) guidelines?

The contributions of technicians and other researchers are often listed in the acknowledgments section if they do not meet all of the criteria for authorship.

Which of the following is true regarding an acknowledgments section?

The collaborators may have different disciplinary and cultural backgrounds and practices.

Which of the following is a key reason why international collaborations can be challenging?

The type and source of funds used to support the project.

In any collaboration, data ownership is typically determined by:

Industry sponsors of research may seek to place restrictions on the disclosure of research results.

Which of the following is true regarding industry-sponsored research?

Whether there is ongoing communication among the team members about their goals and responsibilities.

The most important factor in determining whether a research collaboration will be successful is:

It allows institutions to have control over the intellectual property from federally-funded research.

What is the main function of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 as it relates to academic institutions?

The research team should discuss the issue early on and while the project is ongoing.

What is the most appropriate process for research collaborators to use in determining which journal they should submit their work to?

Discussing intellectual property issues while the collaboration is forming.

A research collaboration can be enhanced by:

It helps collaborative researchers to commercialize their work.

What is the main function of a Technology Transfer Office with respect to collaborative research?

U.S. funded research collaborations are often governed by U.S. regulations no matter where the research takes place.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the regulations that govern research?

The industry sponsor typically owns the data from research that it funds.

Which of the following is true regarding academic-industry collaborations?

Conflicts of interest increase the likelihood of bias.

Which of the following is true about conflicts of interest?

Management plans are often created to reduce the impact of conflicts of interest.

Which of the following is true about the management of conflicts of interest?

Financial conflicts of interest

The main focus of NIH's conflict of interest policy is:

It occurs when an institution's financial or non-financial interests could interfere with its research activities.

Which of the following most accurately describes an institutional conflict of interest?

A conflict of interest committee

The entity that normally is supposed to determine whether an academic researcher's conflict of interest can be managed is:

It occurs when outside activities interfere with obligations to one's primary employer.

Which of the following most accurately describes a conflict of commitment?

A conflict of conscience

If researchers allow their moral or other personal beliefs to influence their objectivity, this is most likely an example of:

A personal conflict of interest.

If a friendship with an applicant could interfere with a hiring decision, this is typically referred to as:

To determine compliance with regulatory requirements, including those relating to protecting research subjects.

What is the primary responsibility of oversight bodies (such as an IRB or IACUC)?

Researchers who receive federal funding may have to adhere to a data sharing requirement.

Which of the following is true regarding data sharing and stewardship?

The organization that receives federal funding for a project.

Which of the following is most likely to own the data resulting from a research project?

Data acquisition should follow a detailed collection plan that is set in advance.

Which of the following is true regarding data acquisition?

Clear specification of the methods and procedures used is essential.

Which of the following is true regarding the reporting of research results?

Confidentiality, availability, and integrity

What are the three main goals of data lifecycle management (DLM)?

Data analysis methods should usually be specified in advance before a study begins.

Which of the following is true regarding data analysis?

Establishing a data selection strategy prior to collecting data decreases the chance of a biased outcome.

Which of the following statements is true concerning data selection?

Whether operationalized terms actually measure what they purport to measure.

In the research context, the term validity most commonly refers to:

It refers to the tools and processes for handling data during a research study and after it concludes.

Which of the following most accurately describes data lifecycle management (DLM)?

Someone who is committed to the professional development of the trainee.

Which of the following is most directly related to successful mentoring?

Takes a sincere interest in the growth and development of a trainee.

The defining characteristic of a mentor is someone who:

A mentor who recruits trainees merely for the mentor's own career advancement.

Which of the following is most likely to create a poor relationship between a mentor and a trainee?

After trying to communicate directly with the mentor, the trainee should seek advice from a senior person that the trainee trusts.

What is the most appropriate course of action for a trainee who has a problem with a mentor?

The trainee must take an active role in the relationship and clearly communicate needs and expectations.

Which of the following most accurately describes the responsibilities of a trainee in the mentoring relationship?

A mechanism to transmit values and standards of professional conduct.

Which of the following statements best exemplifies the importance of mentoring?

Encouraging trainees to receive mentoring from a collection of individuals.

Which of the following most accurately describes good mentoring practice?

Mentors can provide valuable advice to trainees regarding career decisions and contacts with leaders in their field of research.

Which of the following statements about mentoring is true?

Preserving the confidentiality of the submission.

Reviewers have a responsibility to promote ethical peer review by:

Intellectual merit and broader impact.

The two main criteria that the National Science Foundation (NSF) uses to evaluate grant proposals are:

Reviewers should identify the positive and negative aspects of a manuscript, and indicate where improvements are needed.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the responsibilities of reviewers?

Control the quality of published papers.

The main reason that the Royal Society of London developed the modern form of peer review was to:

Behave professionally.

A reviewer's main responsibility is to:

Control the quality of published papers.

The main reason that grant proposal reviewers with a conflict of interest should remove themselves from the review process is because:

The author can contact the editor with their concerns.

Which of the following is the most appropriate step to take if authors believe that their manuscript was reviewed unfairly?

Funding agencies usually have committees, often with external reviewers, that assess the quality of the proposal.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the review process for grant proposals?

May constitute plagiarism because the original material has not been sufficiently modified to constitute a proper paraphrase.

Paraphrasing another author's paragraph by substituting one or two words in each sentence and then adding one citation to the author at the end of the paragraph:

Provide a condensed (shorter) version of the original material.

When authors summarize the work of others, they typically should:

Not been disseminated before unless noted otherwise.

Ethical writing and scholarship is based on an implicit contract between the author and readers, whereby readers assume that what they read is accurate, has been written by the author, and has:

Self-plagiarism

Authors who reuse portions of text that have appeared in one of their earlier published papers run the risk of being accused of:

It can be safely assumed that the readers and the author are both thoroughly familiar with the idea and its source.

An idea is most likely to represent "common knowledge" if:

Plagiarism applies not only to ideas that are found in print but also those that are communicated verbally.

Which one of the following statements most accurately describes how plagiarism has been defined in this module?

Copying someone else's text word-for-word without using quotation marks and adding a citation at the end of the material.

Which one of the following is most likely to constitute an act of plagiarism?

Summarizing a published article in 2-3 distinct paragraphs and including this in a paper.

Which of the following situations is most likely to constitute an instance of plagiarism?

There is no official, federal standard for the number of consecutive words that can be used.

According to federal research misconduct policies, what is the maximum number of consecutive words that one can use before it is classified as an instance of plagiarism?

The author informs all the relevant parties and obtains permission to do so.

The reuse of one's previously published material in a new journal article is most appropriate if:

It should normally be disclosed because the practice can introduce bias into a study.

Which of the following is true about hypothesis-free research?

Results are found to be statistically significant, but they are actually due to chance.

A Type I error, or a false positive, refers to a situation when:

It is a problem that can potentially affect any research field.

Which of the following most accurately describes the "reproducibility crisis?"

Results are not found to be statistically significant, but a significant effect is actually present.

A Type II error, or a false negative, refers to a situation when:

Implementing a grant review process that evaluates various factors such as the rigor of the research premise and study design.

The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) is seeking to increase research reproducibility by:

Billions of dollars per year

A literature review by Freedman, Cockburn, and Simcoe in 2015 estimates that in the U.S., the failure of research to replicate is associated with a cost of:

Encouraging researchers to publish a high number of low quality articles.

Institutional policies on tenure and promotion can contribute to reproducibility problems by:

Moving away from a review process that favors the publication of positive results.

Which of the following is most likely to help the journal publication process mitigate reproducibility problems?

Can contribute to reproducibility problems because important details about materials and procedures are likely to have been omitted.

The publication of short methods sections:

Family-wise inflation of error rate

Conducting numerous, separate statistical analyses increases the chance that one or more of the results appear to be statistically significant, but are actually attributable to random variation or measurement error. The problem is referred to as:

A description of the research's potential benefits and risks

Which statement best describes information that must be included in a consent form?

It was created in response to the harms caused by Nazi researchers around the time of the Second World War.

Which statement most accurately describes the process leading to the development of the Nuremberg Code:

The study involves no more than minimal risk and meets one of the allowable categories of expedited review specified by the federal government.

Which of the following best describes when a protocol may be eligible for expedited review by the IRB?

Respect for Persons, Beneficence, Justice

The three ethical principles discussed in the Belmont Report are:

The Tuskegee Study

Which of the following most directly contributed to the establishment of the National Research Act and the creation of the Belmont Report?

A committee that reviews different types of human subjects research

Which statement best describes the role of an IRB: