Module2_Lecture_2_Cells

Cell Membrane

A selective barrier that controls the movement of molecules between the inside and outside of a cell.

Endomembrane System

An interconnected system of membranes including the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and plasma membrane.

Diffusion

The net movement of solute from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Passive Transport

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane without the use of energy.

Active Transport

The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane requiring energy input, often against a concentration gradient.

Mitochondria

Organelles involved in energy production, known for containing their own genomes.

Chloroplasts

Organelles found in plant cells involved in photosynthesis and energy harnessing.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis.

Lysosomes

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes for breaking down macromolecules.

Phospholipid Bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that make up cell membranes, with hydrophobic tails pointing inward.

Turgor Pressure

The pressure exerted by water inside the central vacuole against the cell wall in plant cells.

Facilitated Diffusion

The process of transporting substances across a cell membrane with the help of carrier proteins.

Integral Proteins

Proteins that are permanently attached to the cell membrane and play role in transport and signaling.

Peripheral Proteins

Proteins that are temporarily attached to lipid bilayers or integral proteins.

Vesicles

Small membrane-bound sacs that transport substances within the cell.

Hydrophilic

Having an affinity for water; substances that can dissolve in water.

Hydrophobic

Repelling water; substances that do not dissolve easily in water.

Nucleus

The membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.

Cytoplasm

The fluid that fills a cell, where cell components are suspended and metabolic processes occur.