Rutgers Jacobs Final Flashcards

Norms

Rules for accepted and expected behavior

Snowball Effect

When one thought leads to another, resulting in agitation; a thought attack

Milgrom's Experiment on Obedience

Experiment where participants were ordered to administer shocks to see how far they would obey

Groupthink

Members of a group concerned with preserving group uniformity, suppressing disagreement to reach unanimous decision making

Interpersonal Attraction

Tendency to choose others who are similar to us

Stereotype

General belief about a group of people

Prejudice

Unfavorable attitude towards a group of people

Aversive Racism

Unintentionally discriminating against groups while claiming to believe in equality

Discrimination

Negative behavior and unequal treatment toward others

Primacy Effect

Principle that the first information learned is more powerful and remembered

Attitude

A like or dislike that influences our behavior toward a person or thing

Foot in the Door

Gaining favorable response to a small request to get agreement to a larger request later

Door in the Face

Initial unreasonable request followed by a more reasonable one

Bait and Switch

Favorable deal followed by additional demands after commitment

That's Not All

Offer is improved before any reply is given

Low Ball

Good offer is made to gain commitment, then terms become less favorable

Bystander Effect

We convince ourselves that we probably will not help someone in distress if other people are present

Diffusion of Responsibility

Feeling less responsible to act or help when others are present

Social Loafing

Tendency to work less when part of a group

Solomon Asch on Conformity

Maintaining or altering behavior to match the behavior and expectations of others

Mere Exposure Effect

People tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them

Group Polarization

If most members of a group already have a strong opinion, they will lean even more strongly in that direction after discussion.

Consensus information

How one individual’s behavior compares with other people’s behavior

Consistency information

How the person’s behavior varies over time

Distinctiveness

How the person’s behavior varies between situations

Internal Attribution

Attributing a person’s behavior to their disposition

External Attribution

Saying external causes influence a person’s situation

Catharsis

The emotional release brought about by an intense emotional experience

Rationalization

“making excuses” and reframing unpleasant events as appropriate

Repression

“motivated forgetting” of unacceptable thoughts and feelings

Regression

a return to juvenile behavior

Denial

refusal to acknowledge a problem

Projection

attributing one’s own undesirable characteristics or motives to other people

Displacement

diversion of an unacceptable thought to a less threatening one

Sublimation

transformation of sexual energies into acceptable behaviors

Reaction Formation

presenting one’s thoughts as the extreme opposite of what they are

Karen Horney

Feminist

Carl Jung

Collective Unconscious

Alfred Adler

Inferiority Complex

MMPI

Widely used personality test to measure personality dimensions

ID

Primitive structure of the mind

Ego

Structure of the mind that uses reality principle

Big 5 Traits

5 dimensions to describe personality

Trait

Consistent, long-lasting tendency in behavior

State

Temporary activation of particular behavior

Libido

Sexual drive

Learning Approach

We learn from others including our gender roles

Abraham Maslow

We try to fulfill our potential

Humanistic Psychology

Sees people as good, deals with how people perceive the world

Standardized Tests

Administered according to strict rules to a large sample of people representative of the population

Thematic Apperception Test

People express their inner feelings and interests through stories they make up to describe a picture scene

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Instructions given to interpret blots, seek peoples’ inner feelings

Family Systems Therapy

Treats person in context of family

Eclectic Therapy

Use combination of behavioral therapy approaches

Brief Therapy Model

Therapist and patient agree to length, number of meetings, expectations

Person centered therapy

Therapists listen to client non-judgmentally, provides unconditional positive regard

Group Therapy

Treatment of many clients in group on an ongoing basis. Clients help each other with feedback

Cognitive Therapy

Improves functions by changing people’s thoughts. Sets goals for changing

Self-Help

No therapist involved (EG: AA)

Psychoanalysis

Bringing unconscious thoughts to light

Humanistic Therapy

Help clients to promote self-acceptance

Behavior Therapy

To change behaviors

Panic Disorder

Periods of anxiety, attacks of panic lasting just few minutes episodes of a sense of unreality

OCD

Obsessions: repetitive thoughts. Compulsions: repetitive actions (check, clean)

DSM

Lists acceptable labels for all psychological disorders

Biopsychosocial model

This model includes biological roots, psychological roots, social context

Substance Abuse

Symptoms are tolerance, withdrawal

Phobias

Avoidance behaviors, strong fear of object, situation

Hallucination

False sensory experience, such as hearing voices

Delusions

False idea that one believes to be true, such as Grandeur – belief they are Jesus, King, etc

Positive symptoms

The presence of inappropriate behaviors

Negative symptoms

The absence of appropriate behaviors

Sensory Disorders

Visual or hearing impairment

Physical Disorders

Cerebral palsy, orthopedic impairment

Mental Retardation

A condition with an onset before age 18 involving low intelligence

Disability

Functional limitation

Learning disability

limited functioning in ability to learn

Special Needs

A person with a difficulty that requires more assistance in life

Autism

developmental disorder characterized by challenges with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.

Handicap

Condition imposed due to physical environment as result of society

Exceptional

Describes people which deviates from the norm. Unusual, gifted

Mainstreaming

Inclusive, bringing disabled students, special needs, into mainstream of student life and classes

Altruism

An unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Kitty Genovese Murder

Helped to create 9-1-1

Cognition

Rationalizing, common sense

Running Amok

Indiscriminate and violent behavior in Southeast Asian men

Axis 1

disorders that include deterioration of functioning

Axis 2

disorders that persist through life