Pre-IB Biology exam review

biology

the study of living things

cell

basic structural unit of life

examples of organisms

fish, grass, cat, mushroom, corn

characteristics of life

organization and cells, use of energy, homostasis, growth and development, reproduction

asexual reproduction

reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes; offspring are identical to parents

living things

multicellular organisms

homeostasis

maintaining stable internal conditions

1,000 meters

kilometer = __?__

meters

in the universal system of measurement, lenght is measured in ____

400 x

magnification of a light microscope

hypothesis

a proposed explanation for the way a particular aspect of the natural world functions

observation

the act of perceiving a natural occurrence that causes someone to pose a question

experiment

used to test a hypothesis and its predictions

data

a body of facts and information collected during an experiment

variable

the part of an experiment that is tested

control

a variable of comparison

theory

a coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation for a class of phenomena

conclusion

the final statement summarizing findings of an experiment

Observation, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, analyze, conclusion

steps of the scientific method

controlled experiment

compares an experimental group and a control group and has independent and dependent variables

find a statement explaining observations, and data can be treated. Now, compare variables to the control group

determine the hypothesis, variables, and control group in an experiment

nucleotide

a monomer of DNA and RNA with nitrogen, phosphate, and sugar

hydrolysis

chemical decomposition in which a compound is split into other compounds by reacting with water

amino acid

building block or proteins; a class of organic compounds containing at least one amino group

condensation reaction

a chemical reaction that produces H2O (water)

glucose

C6H12O6 -- a 6 carbon monosacc. ; a result of photosynthesis

enzymes

organic molecules that catalyze reactions in living systems are _____

glucose

a compound found in living things that supplies the energy in its chemical bonds directly to cells is ____

Robert Hooke

_____ coined the term "cell"

bacteria

_____ are believed to be the first photosynthetic organisms on earth

ribosome

organelles that synthesize protein in the Rough E.R.

Rough E.R.

a system of flattened sacs with ribosomes tat produce phospholipids and proteins

Smooth E.R.

builds lipids; has no ribosomes

nucleus

contol center of cell; contains genetic information

golgi apparatus

a system of flattened membranous eukaryotic sacs containing new proteins or lipids; modifies proteins for export

lysosome

vesicles containing digestive enzymes; found in animal cells

mitochondrion

organelles that transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP; produce energy; power house of the cell

cilia

hair-like structures that assist in cell movement

flagella

whip-like tail; assist in cell movement

fatty acid

unbranched carbon chain

polypeptide

a chain of 50 or more amino acids would be called a _______

acidic

a solution with a pH of 2 would be best described as being ____

activation energy, temperature, and pH

these 3 things determine the speed or rate of a chemical reaction

eukaryotes

animal and plant cells are examples of ____ (prokaryotes or eukaryotes)

bacterial cell

example of a prokaryotic cell

blood cell

example of a eukaryotic cell

protista

prokaryotes belong to the kingdom _____

RNA

moves through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm to carry out functions, ribonucleic acid, single helix

DNA

contains genetic information; found in nucleus; transribed into RNA; double helix; deoxyribonucleic acid

plasma membrane

another name for the membrane that surrounds the organelles and the cell

hydrophilic head

the "head" of the membrane bilayer molecule is _____

polar

water is ____ (polar or nonpolar)

polar molecules

nonpolar molecules dissolve in other ______ (what type of molecules)

semi-permeable

when a cell only allows certain substances in and out, it is considered _____

small cell

which is more effective? (large cell or small cell)

Cell Theory

all living things are composed of cells; cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism; cells come only from the reproduction of other cells

free ribosomes

make protein on the rough E.R.

Golgi apparatus

packages, processes, and secretes proteins for export

lipids; calcium

Smooth E.R. makes ____ and ____

photo

chloroplasts are the site of _____synthesis

unicellular

prokaryote organisms are ___ (multicellular or unicellular)

ribosome

The nucleolus is the site of _______ synthesis

lysosomes

_____ contain digestive enzymes and get rid of toxins and old organelles

mitochondrion

cells that have a high energy requirement generally have many _____

nucleus; plastids

organeles that are surrounded by two membranes and contain DNA are the ____ and _____

epithelial tissue (skin)

cells that form the surface coverings of animal bodies constitute _____-

specialization

the process in which cells become restricted to carrying out one or a few functions is called Cell _____

organ

the stomach is an example of the level of organization called ____

Singer and Nicholson

proposed the "Fluid Mosaic Model"

deoxyribose

DNA contains a five carbon sugar called _____

cohesion

water clings to itself in a property called ____

hydrogen bonding

the force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full negative charge

disassociate

when sodium chloride is dissolved in water, the sodium ions _____

carbon atoms

organic compounds contain ______ (are made of ___)

covalent bond is broken

ATP releases energy when ________

polar

the slight positive and slight negative charge in a molecule results in the molecule being called _____

kinetic energy

energy assosciated with movement

metabolism

taken together, the thousands of chemical reactions that take place in a plant or animal cell are called

heterotroph

organisms that can't produce their own food; get energy from other foods

autotrophs

organisms that use energy from photosyntheses as food

bacteria

the first living organism on earth was most likely a bacteria

adaptation

the ability of a species to survive in a particular ecological nice

evolution

the theory that species change over time

ecology

the branch of biology that studies the interactions of organisms with one another and their environment is called

binary fission

an example of asexual reproduction is _____

mitosis

a way to produce new cells in multicellular organisms is called ____

gametes

sexual reproduction involves the mixing of _____ between mates

conjugation

bacteria go through a special kind of sexual reproduction called _____

conjugation tubule

the specialized structure that bacteria use to transfer plasmids between each other and also for attachment to host cells is called the_____

sexual reproduction

when genetic information is passed from parent to offspring, the process is called _____

thymine

in DNA, adenine always pairs with ______

uracil

In RNA, adenine always pairs with _____

cytosine

in DNA or RNA, guanine always pairs with ____

organelles

cells contain membrane bound structures that have a specific function called _____

metabolism

the sum total of all chemical reactions

hydrolysis

____ is a chemical reaction that breaks down a substance

homeostasis

_____ maintains a stable internal environment by controlling metabolism

catalyst

A ______ is a protein that lowers activation energy for reactions to occur.

denature

If the temperature gets too hot or too cold, the protein will _____

base

always carry the microscope by its arm and the _____