Chapter 22 ANAT Lymphatic system/Immunity

What are the main purposes of the lymphatic system?

Fluid Balance, Fat Absorption, Immunity

What is intersitial fluid?

Fluid that sits in spaces between cells

What is the purpose of fluid balance?

Excess interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries and becomes “leaky fluid's” helping maintain the fluid balance so cells can exchange o2, nutrients and waste

What is the purpose of fat absorption?

Absorption from digestive tract via lacteals, helping protein and cho be absorbed through venous blood

What is the purpose of immunity within the lymphatic system?

lymph nodes from blood by spleen Filters pathogens, and microorganisms as well as other foreign systems

What are the main organs/bone systems consisting of the lymphatic system

Tonsils, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow

What is the purpose of lymphatic vessels?

Carry lymphs away from tissues

What are lymphs?

Excess interstitial fluid

What are lymphatic capillaries?

Extremely permeable capillaries one way entry valves with the purpose of picking up lymphs,

Where is lymphatic capillaries found?

Found in all parts of the body except nervous system, bone marrow, and tissues without blood vessels

What do lymphatic capillaries join to form?

Lymphatic vessels

What is one special property of the lymphatic vessel?

Contains a valve that ensures one way flow

What is the purpose of lymph nodes? where are they distributed

Amongst vessels with the purpose of filtering lymph

What consist of the lymphatic trunk (RIGHT?)

RIght jugular, right subclavian, Right Broncho mediastinal

What is the purpose of the lymphatic duct?

Drain tissue of body and move lymph into major veins

What is the right lymphatic duct do?

Drain right side of head/neck, right upper limbs , and right thorax into the subclavian vein

What does the Thoraic duct and what is its pupose?

Drain the remainder of the body in which the right lymphatic duct does not drain

What is the pathway of a lymph as it returns to the blood stream?

Lymphatic capillaries → Lymphatic vessels → lymph nodes → lymphatic trunks → Lymphatic ducts → junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins

What will occlusion do to lymphatic drainage?

Impair lymphatic drainage

What is a primary lymphatic organ?

Lymphatic organs, specifically bone marrow/thymus gland

What is the purpose of secondary lymphatic organs?

Lymphatic nodules, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes

What are lymphatic tissues?

Lymphocytes, macrophages, and denritic cells

What are lymphocytes?

White blood cells, derived from bone marrow

What are B-Lymphocytes?

Lymphocytes which become plasma cells to produce antibodies

What are T- Lymphocytes?

Involve phagocytosis

What are fine collagen reticular fibers?

Act as a filter to trap microorganisms and other particles (spleen) may be encapsulated

Encapsulated means what?

Lymph nodes, spleen, and thumus

What are nonecapsulated?

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) found beneath epithelium as the first line of attack against invaders.

What is diffuse lymphatic tissue?

Dispersed lymphocytes, macrophages’’; blends with other tissues

What is lymphatic nodules?

Denser aggregations, Numerous in loose connective tissues of digest, respiratory, urinary reproductive systems

What are the tonsils?

Large groups of lymphatic nodules in the nasopharynx and oral cavity

What is the purpose of the tonsils?

Provide protection against bacteria and other harmful material. Forming a ring around the border between the oral cavity and the pharynx

What are the groups of the Tonils?

Palatine, Pharyngeal, and lingual

What is the purpose of the thymus?

Mature T cells and T lymphocytes

Where is the thymus located?

On top of the heart superior to the Mediastinum

How does the thymus grow?

Rapidly throughout the first year than stays the same size throughout adulthood

After how long does the thymus decrease?

after 60 years

What does the thymus lack?

Reticular fibers

What is postive selection within the thymus?

Can recognize own self -MCH, reacted against non self ag

What is negative selection within the thymus?

Reacts too strongly to self-MHC and are eliminated via apoptosis

Within the thymus does the cortex have numerous lymphocytes or fewer lymphotcyt’s?

Numerous lymphocytes

Within the thymus does the cortex have numerous lymphocytes or fewer lymphotcyt’s?

Fewer lymphocytes

Where are lymph nodes located?

Superficial near skin and deep

What is the only structure to filter lymph?

Lymph nodes

What is afferent?

Many

What is efferent

Fewer

What are the ways substances are removed by lymph nodes?

Phagocytosis, and stimulation of B-cells to proliferate them

How do cancer cells multiply?

Breaking off from main tumor and attaching to lymph nodes in which it begins to proliferate

Where is the spleen located?

Left superior side of abdomen (LUQ)

What is white pulp associated with?

Arteries and perhaps germinal center

What is red pulp associated with?

Veins

What are the classes of lymphocytes?

T cells (Thymus dependent), B-cells (Bone marrow derived), and NK (Natural killer) cells

What is the production of lymphocytes called?

Lymphopoiesis

What is involved in the production of lymphocytes?

Bone marrow, thymus, peripheral lymphoid,

Where do B cells and Nk cells mature?

Bone marrow

Where do T cells mature?

Thymus

What is innate/nonspecific resistance? (Genetically determined)

Physical barriers, chemical mediators, and cells

What is adaptive/specific immunity? (Acquired through life)

Specificity, and memory

What is a chemical mediator?

promote phagocytoisis and inflammation

What is a physical barrier?

Prevents entry or remove microbes. EX: skin, tears, saliva, and mucous membranes

What is cells?

Involved in phagocytoisis and skin production of chemicals

What is specficity?

Abiliiy to recognize a particular substance

What is memory?

Ability to remember previous encounters with a particular substance and respond rapidly

What are the four shells of a atom?

K,L,M,N which is 1-4

What are the four Subshells?

S,P,D,F

What are the facts about sub shells?

Each shell has a coresponding amount(s) of subshells connected to it

Each orbital is worth how many electrons?

2

What is a cova