Genetics, Cell Division, Displacement Reactions, and Chemical Equations

Flashcards reviewing key concepts from the lecture notes on genetics, cell division, displacement reactions, and chemical equations for exam preparation.

What is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)?

A molecule that contains the genetic code and stores coded information determining physical appearance and body functions.

What is Genetics?

The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.

What are Cells?

The basic structural and functional units of all known living organisms.

What are Chromosomes?

Structures within the nucleus of a cell that contain DNA.

What are Genes?

A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and determines some characteristic of the offspring.

What are Generations?

Successive sets of parents and offspring.

What form does the genetic code take?

A code written in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) located within the nucleus of cells.

How many chromosomes are in human genes?

23 pairs or 46 chromosomes.

What is a chromosome?

A tiny structure inside the nucleus of the cell that contains DNA.

What does a segment of DNA contain?

A segment of DNA containing a particular sequence and a number of bases, which provides a code for a certain protein.

Which pair of chromosomes are the sex chromosomes?

The 23rd pair of chromosomes.

What are autosomes?

Chromosomes other than sex chromosomes.

What represents a biological female?

Two X chromosomes.

What represents a biological male?

One X and one Y chromosome.

What is a telomere?

A cap of DNA on the tip of a chromosome that enables the DNA to be replicated safely without losing valuable information.

What is a chromatid or sister chromatid?

One identical half of a replicated chromosome.

What is a centromere?

A section of a chromosome that links sister chromatids.

What is a kinetochore?

A region that is associated with cell division.

What is a karyotype?

An image that organizes chromosome size largest to smallest and places them in their 23 pairs.

What is a chromosomal aberration?

A change to the structure or number of chromosomes.

What are alleles?

Possible genes for a particular characteristic.

What is a carrier?

An individual that carries a gene but does not express a characteristic (heterozygous).

What is the dominant allele?

A gene is always shown if it is there, and it is expressed in the heterozygous individual.

What is the recessive allele?

Masked by the dominant gene, hidden in the heterozygous individual.

What is Genetics?

Study of patterns in inheritance.

What is a genotype?

Combination of 2 alleles in an individual.

What does heterozygous mean?

2 genes that make up a characteristic that are different.

What does homozygous mean?

2 genes that make up a characteristic that are the same.

What is inheritance?

Genes passed on from parents to offspring.

What is a phenotype?

Outward appearance for a characteristic.

What is mitosis?

A kind of cell division in charge of growing, replacing, and repairing old cells; occurs in somatic cells.

What is meiosis?

A kind of cell division in charge of sex cells (sperm and egg cells); only occurs in the sexual reproductive organs of the body (gonads).

What is a displacement reaction?

A displacement reaction occurs when a more reactive element replaces a less reactive element in a compound.

What happens in a single displacement reaction?

One element replaces another in a compound.

What happens in a double displacement reaction?

Two compounds exchange ions to form new compounds.

What does the reactivity series tell us in displacement reactions?

Metals/non-metals replace less reactive ones.

In a proportional relationship does the line go through zero?

The line goes through 0, this is a linear, but not all linear are proportional

What do error bars indicate?

Indicate uncertainty in the data.

What does Uncertainty mean?

If you do the same test 5 times, each time you get the same different answer, close, but different.

How are the properties of metals explained?

Explained by the number of electrons there are.

What does Metallic bonding mean?

Metallic bonding means that things are held together because the positive and negatives parts are bonded together and are good bonders of electricity and therefore malleable.

What are the properties of metal Ion outer shell electrons?

Outer shell electrons are spaced out, NOT in a fixed position, ARE able to move.

What is Electrostatic attraction in metals

The force between positive metal ions and free-moving negative electrons, holding the structure together

What is the formula for decomposition?

AB --> A + B

What is the formula for Synthesis?

A + B --> AB

What is the formula for Combustion?

Metal + Oxygen --? Metal Oxide or Hydrocarbon + oxygen --> carbon dioxide water

What is Single Displacement formula?

A + BC --> B + AC

What is the formula for Doubble Displacement?

AB + CD --> AD + CB

What is the formula for Silver Chloride?

AgCl

What is the chemical formula for nitrogen dioxide?

NO2

What is the formula for Magnesium Chloride?

MgCl2

What is the chemical formula for calcium hydroxide?

Ca(OH)2

What is the chemical formula for carbon tetrafluoride?

CF4

What is the formula for Glucose?

C6H12O6

What is the formula for Aluminium Sulphate?

Al2(SO4)3

What is the formula for Potassium Phosphate?

K3PO4