The Transformation of Europe

Flashcards about the Transformation of Europe from 1450-1648

What were the major changes during the Transformation of Europe (1450-1648)?

A shift from religious authority to human control over destinies, centralized power in Western states, and economic innovations supporting trade and expansion.

What were the economic changes and social structures of the Italian Renaissance?

Trade, manufacturing, and banking led to the emergence of patriarchs within the social structure.

Name the city-states within the Italian Renaissance.

Venice, Florence, Milan, The Papal States, and Naples.

What were the intellectual developments of the Italian Renaissance?

Humanism, Scholasticism, and figures such as Petrarch.

Who were the key artists and architects of the Italian Renaissance, and what was a notable artistic technique of the era?

Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Brunelleschi, and Alberti, focusing on perspective.

Who were notable figures in Northern Humanism?

Erasmus and More.

What was the focus of Northern Humanism?

Focus on Christian texts rather than writings of Greek and Roman antiquity.

Who were the key Northern Renaissance artists?

Van Eyck and Durer.

Which family centralized government in France during the Renaissance?

Valois family.

Who were the key figures in Spain during the Renaissance?

Isabella & Ferdinand.

What were the background problems and issues facing the church that led to the religious reformation?

The Great Schism, Avignon Papacy, Unum Sanctum, Indulgences, Nepotism, and Simony.

What were the major events and topics related to Luther and the Protestant Reformation?

Problems with the church, John Tetzel, 95 Thesis, main beliefs, Diet of Worms/Edict of Worms.

What did Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation emphasize?

Individual belief and less emphasis on clergy.

What did Anabaptists believe?

Adult baptism

What were the key concepts of Calvinism?

Predestination and a theocracy.

What actions did King Henry VIII take during the English Reformation?

Act of Supremacy of 1534, Anglican Church.

What was the purpose and outcome of the Council of Trent during the Catholic Reformation?

To reaffirm beliefs and clean up some issues, integrating ideas of Thomas Aquinas.

What were the key aspects and actions of the Jesuits during the Catholic Reformation?

Ignatius of Loyola, defenders of the pope, set up schools, and became missionaries to the new world and Asia.

What were the political impacts of the Reformation?

Persecution of Huguenots, Mary Stuart, and fighting in German States leading to the Peace of Augsburg.

What were the social impacts of the Reformation?

Marriage and family emphasis, divorce in limited cases, women as mothers and educators, and the impact on social classes including the Peasants’ War.

What were the families of the French Wars of Religion?

Guise, Montmorency-Chatillons, and Bourbons.

What events took place during the French Wars of Religion?

St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre, Henry of Navarre (Henry IV), and the Edict of Nantes.

What events took place during Philip II and Militant Catholicism?

Uniform religion, Battle of Lepanto, Revolt in the Netherlands, and Defeat of the Spanish Armada.

What were the four phases of the Thirty Years War?

Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and French.

What were the impacts of the Thirty Years War?

Germany was devastated, population plummeted, agriculture ruined, and there was disease & starvation.

What were the key outcomes of The Peace of Westphalia in 1648?

Recognize the sovereign and independent authority of the German princes.

What events took place between the Puritans and Anglicans (England)?

Conflicts in Stuart England, English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell, and rump Parliament.

What were the major themes of economic and social changes?

Commercial revolution, mercantilism, capitalism, joint stock companies, putting out system.

What change occurred in the economic balance of power?

Northern Europe became stronger by the end of the period.

What examples of exploration and technology advances during this era does the lecture highlight?

Henry the Navigator, caravel, Columbus, conquistadors, Cortes, Pizarro, Encomienda system, mit’a, Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattoes, Treaty of Tordesillas, North America, Dutch East India Company, Jamestown, mercantilism, indentured servants.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

A global exchange of goods, ideas, and diseases between the Old World and the New World.

What was a key social class that emerged during this time?

Bourgeoisie.

What are the names of the art movements during this time?

Mannerism and Baroque art.

Who were key artists of this period?

Rubens, Bernini, Rembrandt.

Who were key writers of this period?

Michel de Montaigne (skepticism), Cervantes, Shakespeare.

What did the scientific revolution focus on?

Empirical evidence.

Who were the key figures in astronomy during the Scientific Revolution?

Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo.

Who were the key figures in chemistry, biology, and medicine during the Scientific Revolution?

Vesalius, Harvey, Boyle.

Who were the key figures in thinking and math during the Scientific Revolution?

Bacon, Descartes, deductive & inductive thinking.