Botany - Lecture Topic 7

spores

seed-free plants reproduce using

true

both bryophytes and seed-free vascular plants exhibit alternation of generations

gametophyte

dominant generation in bryophytes

sporophyte

dominant generation in ferns and allies

ferns

has true vascular tissue

false

the sporophyte of seed-free plants is always dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition

water

required by both bryophytes and ferns for sperm motility and fertilization 

vascular tissue

bryophytes lack this while ferns do not

true

bryophytes are the earliest diverging lineages of land plants

rhizoids

anchoring structures in byrophytes; do not function in water transport

bryophytes

include liverworts, hornworts, and mosses

hydroids

mosses have conducting cells for water called

leptoids

mosses have conductions cells for sugar called

false

the sporophyte of a bryophyte is independent and photosynthetic

sporangium

capsule at the tip of a moss sporophyte

seta

elevates the capsule for spore dispersal

capsule

releases spores

peristome teeth

regulate gradual spore release based on humidity

true

the bryophyte sporophyte is always attached to and dependent on the gametophyte

protonema

grows from a spore and gives rise to new moss gametophytes

liverworts

bryophyte that has gametophytes with thalli and gemmacups for asexual reproduction

false

liverworts have stomata on their sporophytes

hornwort

sporophyte grows continuously and have stomata for gas exchange

stomata

hornwort sporophytes have these that allow for gas exchange throughout their life

peristome teeth

moss spores are released from capsules by movement of

operculum

cap that lifts off the expose peristome teeth for spore release

gemmae

small structure used for asexual reproduction in liverworts

gemma cups

gemmae develop within these

false

gemma cups produce sperm cells for sexual reproduction

elaters

twist to help disperse spores from the capsule

archegonium

produces eggs in bryophytes

antheridium

bryophyte gametophytes produce sperm in this

archegonium

bryophyte gametophytes produce eggs in this

lignified xylem

earliest vascular plants have this innovation

true

seed free vascular plants have independent, photosynthetic sporophytes

microphylls

small, simple leaves with a single, unbranched vein

megaphylls

large leaves found in most vascular plants that have a complex, branching network of veins

lycophytes

bears sporangia in strobili at stem tips

true

in horsetails, the sporangium are produced on sporangiophores arranged in a stobilus

indusium

in ferns, protects developing sori

sori

sporangia clusters on fern leaves

true leaves and roots

psilotum, whisk ferns, lack these

true

the fern prothallus is haploid and photosynthetic

rhizomes

underground stems that produce new frons in ferns

ferns

group that shows circinate venation

circinate venation

curling of young fronds

homospory

one spore type

heterospory

two spore types; micro and mega

true

selaginella produces two types of spores and is heterosporous

archegonium

sperm swims to the egg inside this in ferns

true

the gametophyte and sporophyte of a fern are both photosynthetic and independent

prothallus

when fern spores germinate they produce a heart shaped gametophyte

sporophyte

dominant generation in ferns

true

both moss and fern sperm are flagellated

sphagnum

economically important because it stores carbon and retains water

true

peat bogs act as major carbon sinks on Earth

pioneer species

bryophytes and ferns stabilize soil and retian moisture and act as these

pioneer species

the first organisms to colonize a barren or disturbed ecosystem, paving the way for other life to follow

circinate venation

the coiling of new fern fronds into a spiral shape, commonly called a "fiddlehead," which protects the delicate new growth as it emerges

elater

hygroscopic cell in liverwort capsules that aid in spore dispersal

frond

leaf of a fern

gemma cup

cup-shaped structure for asexual reproduction in liverworts

gametophyte

haploid generation that produces gametes

heterospory

production of two types of spores; megaspores or microspores

homospory

production of one type of spore that develops into bisexual gametophyte

hornwort

bryophyte with horn-shaped sporophytes

hydroid

water-conducting cell type in some mosses

indusium

protective covering over a sorus in ferns

leptoid

sugar-conducting cell type in mosses

liverwort

bryophyte with thalloid gametophyte and gemma cups

lycophyte

club moss or spike moss lineage with microphyll leaves

megaphyll

leaf with branched veins

microphyll

leaf with a single unbranched vein

operculum

cap covering the moss sporangium before spore release

peristome

tooth-like structures that control spore release in moss capsules

protonema

filamentous stage in moss development 

prothallus

heart-shaped gametophyte of a fern

rhizoid

hair-like anchoring structure in bryophytes and fern gametophytes

rhizome

underground stem of a fern or fern ally

sorus

cluster of sporangia on a fern leaf

sporangium

spore-producing capsule or structure

sporophyll

leaf that bears sporangia

sporophyte

diploid generation that produces spores

strobilus

cone-like structure bearing sporangia 

thallus

flat body of a non-vascular plant, such as a liverwort

vascular tissue

tissue system for transport of water and nutrients

hepatophyta

liverworts

bryophyta

mosses

anthocerotophyta

hornworts

indicator species

organisms that are very sensitive to environmental changes and can be used to monitor the overall health of an ecosystem

water bears

bryophytes are home to these; thrive in extremes, boiling or freezing; can be re-animated

gametophyte

dominant generation for moss

capillary action

mosses conduct water through this; cohesion and adhesion

leafy and thallose

two forms of liverworts

calyptra

cap-like tissue that grows out from gametophyte

hornworts

have pores and cavities filled with mucilage that often contain cyanobacteria

tollund man

naturally mummified corpse of a man; well preserved in a peat bog 

tracheophytes

plants with vascular tissue; starting here sporophyte generation is now dominant

strobili

sporangia arranged in clustered compact groups for protection

heterosporous

have micro and mega spores that give rise to distinct microgametophytes and megagametophytes