MNT in Gastrointestinal Disorders

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Conditions affecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Cleft Lip

Congenital deformities in the lip or palate that prevent adequate closure, often requiring surgical and dietary management.

Dental Problems

toothlessness, ill-filling dentures

Flouride

it is used to stabilize enamel and lessen the formulation of caries

phosphate

used to cleanse and mineralize teeth

Cheilosis

angular fissuring of the mouth

angular stomatitis

lip lesion characterized by fissures of the corners of the lips

b complex, iron, protein

nutritional deficiencies that cause cheilosis or angular stomatitis

stomatitis

inflammation of the oral mucosa due to niacin, tryptophan, folic acid or vitamin b12 deficiency

glossitis

increased vascularity of papillary epithelium manifested by soreness of the tongue, atrophy, and flattening

vitamin b complex

dietary management of glossitis

gingivitis

inflammation of the gums caused by plaque, or vitamin c or niacin deficiency

periodontitis

inflammation of the supporting structure of the teeth (gingival and

periodontal ligaments) with a resultant loss of alveolar bone

calcium, vit a, protein, folic acid, iron

dietary management of periodontitis

tonsillitis

inflammation of the throat

• moist-soft-textures foods

• avoid acid foods and sticky foods

• avoid thermally irritating foods

Xerostomia

Caused by infection or damage to salivary glands through surgical resection, radiotherapy, or tumor

• sip on liquids or suck ice chips

dysgeusia

condition of altered or impaired sense of taste

ageusia

inability to taste or “mouth blindness”

Esophagitis

Acute or chronic inflammation of the esophageal wall caused by upper respiratory infection, vomiting, poison and esophageal reflux, herniation, often managed with medical and dietary interventions.

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing, which may lead to aspiration and requires management involving liquid diets and small frequent feedings.

achalasia

Failure of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) to relax and open during swallowing

Esophageal Obstruction

Stricture of the esophagus caused by fibrotic tissues, increased pressure or herniation from adjacent organs, abnormal growth of tissues

• liquid dites

aspiration

inhaling food or drink

Stomatitis

Inflammation of the oral mucosa, linked to nutritional deficiencies or infections, managed with dietary adjustments.

Dental Caries

Decay of teeth, influenced by poor oral hygiene and dietary choices, managed through dental care and dietary restrictions.

Gingivitis

Inflammation of the gums caused by plaque buildup and nutritional deficiencies, requiring improved oral hygiene.

Periodontitis

Serious gum disease causing damage to the soft tissue and bone supporting the teeth, requiring dietary management and supplements.

Hiatal Hernia

Protrusion of the stomach into the chest through the diaphragm, managed through dietary changes to relieve gastric reflux.

Helicobacter pylori

Etiology of Peptic Ulcer

Antacids

Counteract or neutralize acidity (peptic ulcer medical therapy)

Antibiotics

Used to control H. pylori infection (peptic ulcer medical therapy)

Histamine H2-receptor antagonists

Histamine normally attaches to specific cellular receptors on acid-producing parietal cells and influence gastric secretion

Proton pump inhibitors

Suppress HCl production by preventing the action of an enzyme that secretes hydrogen ions needed for HCl production

Mucosal protectors

Produce a gel-like suspension over the surface of an ulcer

Gastritis

Inflammation of the gastric mucosa; characterized by vomiting, heartburn, diarrhea and abdominal distention

• NPO during acute attacks

Hypochlorhydria

type of Gastric secretory disturbances

• low secretion of gastric juices

Achlorhydria

type of Gastric secretory disturbances

• no free HCl

Achylia gastrica

type of Gastric secretory disturbances

• no free or combined HCl

Hyperchlorhydria

high secretion of gastric juices

• HIGH FAT

Gastrosucchorrhea

Overflow of gastric juices

Gastric atony

Motility diseases

• lack of gastric tone, delayed emptying time caused by other diseases and emotional disturbance

Gastrectasis

Motility diseases

• stenosis of the pylorus, which prevents complete emptying, fermentation of contents and dilatation of the stomach caused by ulcer or scar formation, adhesions or cancer

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Condition where stomach content flows back into the esophagus, requiring dietary management to prevent discomfort.

Condition of gastric reflux causing discomfort and tissue damage

Barrett’s esophagus

a serious complication of GERD

The normal tissue lining the esophagus changes to tissue that resembles the lining of the intestine. About 10% of people with chronic symptoms of GERD develop Barrett's esophagus.

Organic

diseases of the stomach characterized by the presence of structural change in the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. peptic ulcer, gastritis)

Functional

diseases of the stomach characterized by alteration in function of the GIT without any structural damage of the GIT

Peptic Ulcer

An eroded lesion in the gastric mucosa or duodenum

burning sensation in the epigastric region; sometimes accompanied with weight loss, vomiting of blood

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, including conditions like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, necessitating specialized diets.

Celiac Disease

Autoimmune disorder caused by intolerance to gluten, managed through strict avoidance of gluten-containing foods.

Disease characterized by atrophy of the intestines due to lack of peptidase to digest the gliadin fraction of gluten

Diabetes Mellitus

A metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels, requiring dietary management for glucose control.

Hyperthyroidism

Excessive secretion of thyroxine leading to increased metabolism, requiring dietary adjustments for increased caloric intake.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Genetic disorder leading to the accumulation of phenylalanine due to the absence of phenylalanine hydroxylase, managed through a strict diet.

Galactosemia

Disorder caused by the inability to metabolize galactose due to lack of the enzyme uridyl transferase, managed with a lactose-free diet.

Intestinal Obstruction

Condition where intestinal contents cannot pass due to blockage, necessitating surgical and dietary interventions.

Malabsorption Syndrome

Failure to absorb nutrients from the digestive tract, requiring dietary adjustments and possibly enzyme replacement.

Xerostomia

Dry mouth caused by decreased salivary flow, managed by fluid intake and avoidance of irritants.

Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar levels resulting from various factors, requiring prompt dietary intervention.

Dyspepsia

Impaired digestion characterized by fullness, epigastric pain, flatulence,

nausea or vomiting

Tropical Sprue

Disease characterized by malabsorption, diarrhea and intestinal disorders; marked with flattening of the villi and inflammation of the small intestine lining

• HIGH PROTEIN

• FOLIC ACID

• LOW FAT

• VIT B12

Crohn’s disease

Chronic inflammation anywhere along the GIT

Enteritis

Fibrosis of the bowel wall due to radiation exposure characterized by diarrhea and malabsorption

Lymphangiectasis

Congenital malformation of the lymphatic system causing losses of protein, diarrhea, steatorrhea due to malabsorption

MCT for direct transport to the liver and better fat absorption

Malabsorption

Failure to absorb nutrients due to pancreatitis, E. coli or rotavirus infection, bacterial overgrowth, impaired enzymatic activity, biliary secretion, drugs and reduction of absorptive surface due to organic diseases (celiac or tropical sprue, resections, or bypass); increased absorption may occur with hemochromatosis or Wilson’s disease

Intestinal obstruction

Characterized by interference with the flow of intestinal contents caused by adhesions, hernia or tumor

intolerance

Failure to digest & absorb nutrients due to lack of enzyme activity

characterized by vomiting or diarrhea

Short-bowel syndrome

Characterized by severe diarrhea and malabsorption following surgery or intestinal resections

Diarrhea

Symptom of several disease

Increased passage of loose stools; maybe acute or chronic

Constipation

Retention of feces in the colon due to decreased gastric emptying time

Atonic

classification of constipation

when there is weakened movement; lazy bowel

DIET

• high fiber and fluids

spastic

classification of constipation

when there are small ribbon-like stools due to increased tonicity

DIET

• low fiber, agar-agar

• bland

Diverticula

sacs or pouches that develop in weakened areas of the intestinal wall

Diverticulosis

presence of many pouches or diverticula in the large intestine

Diverticulitis

presence of inflamed diverticula

Ulcerative colitis

Chronic inflammation and ulceration of the large intestine’s mucosa characterized by rectal bleeding, fever, malnutrition, and diarrhea with pain and spasm

Crohn’s

Crack-like ulcers accompany inflammation commonly affects the ileum and colon

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix characterized by severe abdominal pain and tenderness in the right lower quadrant

Hemorrhoids

Ruptures in the hemorrhoidal veins; may cause rectal bleeding, may be caused by pregnancy, constipation

Irritable bowel syndrome

An intestinal disorder characterized by abdominal discomfort, cramping, diarrhea or constipation

Bacterial Overgrowth

Proliferation of microorganisms because of reduction of gastric secretions and other protective mechanisms

Characteristics: intestinal gas production, fatty acid deficiencies, pernicious anemia, bone pain, scaling, bruising

high fiber diet or fiber supplementation

management for hemorrhoids