HIV/AIDS AND OTHER ENDEMIC DISEASES

Flashcards on HIV/AIDS and other endemic diseases.

HIV

Stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which means the virus is mainly found in humans and causes a lack of protection against disease.

AIDS

Acquired because one gets it from somewhere else, Immune because it refers to the body’s ability to fight sickness, Deficiency because the body lacks something, Syndrome because of the group of sickness that occur together.

HIV

The virus that causes AIDS.

HIV(virus)

Damages the immune system beyond the body’s ability to repair it, leading to signs and symptoms of the illness called AIDS.

HIV can be carried in:

Human Blood, Semen, Vagina fluid, Breast Milk, and Saliva

Most common modes of HIV transmission:

Heterosexual and Homosexual routes

Examples of Sexual Modes of HIV Transmission:

Penile-Vaginal intercourse, Penile-Anal Intercourse, Oral- Genital Intercourse.

NON SEXUAL MODE OF TRANSMISSION

Sharing Skin-piercing /Cutting Instruments with an infected person

OTHER MODES OF TRANSMISSION

Receiving a transfusion of infected blood, Having a Blood Covenant, Transplant of an Infected Organ/Tissue, Mother –To-Child- Transmission

Misconception

Erroneous act of conceiving or mistaken notion

Examples of Misconception of infection( Spreading the virus)

HIV/AIDS does not exist at all, HIV/AIDS is punishment from God, Condoms are infected with HIV.

Examples of Misconception of prevention( not spread of the virus)

When one holds hands with HIV patient the person will be infected, Wearing clothes that belong to a person living with HIV/AIDS, Living with or sleeping in the same room with PLWHA.

HOW HIV and AIDS WAS FIRST DETECTED

AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV),which originated in a virus called SIV(simian immunodeficiency virus)found in non-human primates(chimpanzee) in sub-Saharan Africa

In 1978 Who began showing signs of a strange disease that was later known and called AIDS?

Gay men in U.S.A and Sweden and heterosexuals in Tanzania and Haiti

Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo

Identified HIV in 1983

Two species of HIV virus are:

HIV-1 and HIV-2.

The “ Hunter” or “ Bush Meat Trade” Theory

Suggests that hunters who killed and butchered chimpanzees and monkeys were necessarily exposed to SIV through the animals' blood and the cuts bites sustained while doing their work.

OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine)AIDS Theory

States: polio vaccines, were made in a lab in Kisangani from cells of infected chimpanzees, and the vaccines, which contained SIVs, jumped to humans through OPVs

Scientists Believe

Research scientists believe that the virus jumped from the chimpanzees of Cameroon to humans at some point before 1931.

THE CONTAMINATED NEEDLE THEORY

A needle contaminated with SIV was used on people in Africa which made them infected.

THE COLONIALISM THEORY

Colonialism was intensive which made people to be put in labour camps which lead to spread of HIV

CONSPIRACY THEORY

The Americans deliberately developed this virus and used to inject people in the strongholds of African-Americans

Reaction of US officials in response to HIV/AIDS

Lack of reaction or mention of the word by any America State Official including the US president

Public Perception of AIDS until 1985

AIDS considered the “gay plaque” until 1985,when Rock Hudson’s death made AIDS a household word

1986-1990- Regan’s second term administration continued

treating AIDS more as a moral issue rather than a public health issue.

In response to prevalence of HIV/AIDS, Ghana

Established the Ghana AIDS Commission which coordinates efforts amongst NGO’s, international organizations and other parties to support the education about and treatment of AIDS throughout Ghana.

Diffusion

Spontaneous spreading of something such as ideas or innovation, from a region of high concentration to regions of lower concentration and among different socio-economic groups.

Types of diffusion which are critical to the spread of HIV/AIDS in Ghana

Expansion/Contagious Diffusion, Relocation /Migration Diffusion, Hierarchical Diffusion, Spatial Diffusion

The Spread of HIV in Ghana has occurred through

The spread of HIV has been through various forms of diffusion, including diffusion related to urbanization, migration, commercial sex practices, traditional practices such as cutting

SIX stages of infection from the moment a person contracted the HIV till the last Stage of AIDS

Point of infection, Window Period, Sero-Conversion, Asymptomatic Sero- Positive Phase, Clinical Illness Insufficient for a Diagnosis of AIDS, Clinical Illness Sufficiency for Diagnosis AIDS

Window of Hope

Refers to the age group of 5-14 year olds who have not yet been infected by the HIV

Window Period

Period between point of infection and when the body’s detection of the virus

Major Signs and Symptoms of HIV/AIDS

Diarrhoea for more than one month, Persistent fever more than one month, Weight loss more than 10% of the body weight

Minor Signs and Symptoms of HIV/AIDS

Night sweat, General Lymph gland enlargement, Persistent weakness, Attacks of shingles, Amenorrhea

Criteria to DIAGNOSE HIV PATIENT

Two major signs, plus one minor signs, plus a confirmed HIV antibody test OR Three major signs, plus a confirmed HIV antibody test

SOME TYPES OF ENDEMIC DISEASES

Diabetes, Ebola, Hepatitis B, Cholera

Diabetes mellitus

Group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar (glucose).

Insulin

Hormone that comes from a gland situated behind and below the stomach (pancreas)

Glucose

Sugar that is a source of energy for the cells that make up muscles and other tissues.

Cause of type 1 diabetes

Immune system attacks and destroys your insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

Prediabetes

Cells in the body are becoming resistant to insulin.

Causes of gestational diabetes

Placenta produces hormones to sustain a woman’s pregnancy and make her cells more resistant to insulin.

Risk factors for type 1 diabetes.

Family history, Environmental factors,The presence of damaging immune system cells

Risk factors for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes

Weight, Inactivity, Family history, Race, Age, Gestational diabetes, Polycystic ovary syndrome, High blood pressure, Abnormal cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Risk factors for gestational diabetes

Age, Family or personal history, Weight, Race

Some of the signs and symptoms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Increased urination, Increased thirst, Fatigue, Blurred vision, Darkened skin, Slow wound healing

POSSIBLE COMPLICATONS of diabetes

Eye complications, Foot complications, Skin complications, Heart problems, Hypertension, Nephropathy, PAD (peripheral arterial disease), Stroke Erectile dysfunction, Infections, Healing of wounds

Prevention of diabetes

Eat healthy foods, Get more physical activity, Lose excess pounds.

Treatment of diabetes

Medication is an option to check diabetes.

Hepatitis B

Infection of the liver by the hepatitis B virus.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

Symptoms affect some people for a short time, but others will develop chronic symptoms and complications that can be fatal.

Cause of Hepatitis B

Infection of the body with the hepatitis B virus (Pathogen).

Mode of Spread of Hepatitis B

Found in blood and bodily fluids and transmitted through semen, vaginal fluids, and blood, from a mother to a newborn during delivery, Sharing needles and having unprotected sex

Symptoms of Hepatitis B

Fever, joint pain, Fatigue, Nausea, Vomiting, Loss of appetite Abdominal pain, Dark urine, Clay-colored stools, Jaundice

Preventive Measures for Hepatitis B

A vaccine against HBV has been available since 1982

OTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES for Hepatitis B

Protective equipment, Not sharing needles, Following safe sexual practices, Cleaning any blood spills

Treatment of Hepatitis B

Treating the individual with an antiviral medication to stop the virus from not replicating and prevent its progression into advanced liver disease.

Ebola virus disease

Disease caused by infection with a virus of the Filoviridae family, genus Ebolavirus.

Ebola is considered a

Zoonotic virus

Risk of becoming infected with Ebola

Traveling to areas of Africa where there have been confirmed cases of Ebola, Conducting animal research with monkeys imported from Africa or the Philippines, Providing medical or personal care to people who may have been exposed to Ebola, Preparing people for burial who have been infected with Ebola

Ebola is caused by

Viruses in the Ebolavirus and Filoviridae family

HOW EBOLA IS TRANSMITTED OR SPREAD

Direct contact with the blood, secretions, organs, or other body fluids of infected people, Indirect contact with environments contaminated with such fluids

Symptoms of Ebola

Fever, Headache, Joint and muscle aches, Weakness Diarrhea, Vomiting, Stomach painLack of appetite

Preventing transmission for Ebola

Ensuring all healthcare workers wear protective clothing, Implementing infection-control measures, Isolation of Ebola patients from contact with unprotected persons

Social Conditions that lead to spread of endemic diseases

Ensure good sanitation at Funeral, festival and social gathering, Handling of infected animals, Limit Family history, Environmental fa tors, Early sexual activity, Rape Peer pressure

Cultural Conditions that lead to spread of endemic diseases

Puberty rites and rituals, Societal acceptance of polygamy, Traditional belief system that pressure women to marry before a certain age

REASONS WHY MEN SHOULD BE INVOLVED IN PREVENTIONS PROGRAMMES

Men have much to offer as fathers, husbands, brothers, sons and friends and need to take greater role in caring for family members with AIDS and other endemic diseases, Men take a lot of risks associated with sex which increase their chances of contracting and transmitting HIV and other endemic diseases, Men are more likely than women to inject drugs

WHY SHOULD WOMEN GET INVOLVED IN PREVENTIONS PROGRAMMES

Puberty rites and rituals which can result in early marriage for girls, Practices, such as female circumcision, which many girls vulnerable to infection.

PRIMARY PREVENTION STRATEGIES IN SPREAD OF HIV- ABCD Method

Abstain from Sex, Be Mutually Faithful, Consistent and Correct use of Condoms, Do not Share Sharp or Piercing Instruments such as Blades orNeedles with others, Delay Sex Until You are Mature Enough

STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING HIV

Anti-retroviral therapy (ART), Providing the risk of medical care for the infected mother, Psycho-social support includes long-term follow-up for families affected by HIV infection, Reducing transmission through reduced breast-feeding may lower MTCT risks

STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING DIABETES

Oral diabetes drugs such as metformin may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes but Healthy lifestyle choices remain essential

STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING HEPATITIS B

Treating the individual with an antiviral medication to stop the virus from not replicating and prevent its progression into advanced liver disease and Persons with chronic HBV infection require ongoing medical evaluation and ultrasound of the liver every 6 months to monitor for liver damage or worsening disease