Module 1 - Basic Principles & Thermoregulation

List the basic principles of physiology.

All life is…

1. Aquatic

2. Compartmentalized

3. Deals with same fundamental problems

4. Constrained by the laws of physics & chemistry

5. Can tolerate only a limited range of conditions

Aquatic

All body fluids of animals have the same general composition of water, salts (Na+, K+, etc), and biochemical substances (proteins, nucleic acids, etc).

Compartmentalized

• substances are separated in different compartments like cell (ICF, ECF)

• Interstitial fluid, plasma

Explain the asymmetric distribution of ions in an organism.

Maintaining asymmetries between compartments is crucial because it allows the organisms to transport substances selectively between compartments.

What are two ways life generate energy?

1. ATP-ADP

2. Cellular Respiration

How does life generate energy with ATP?

• ATP is a high-energy molecule that stores energy in its phosphate bonds.

• ATP is produced during cellular respiration and converted into ADP when energy is released.

• ADP is regenerated into ATP through oxidative phosphorylation or substrate-level phosphorylation.

• The ATP-ADP cycle is a continuous process that ensures a constant supply of energy for cellular activities

Describe aerobic and anaerobic metabolism from and discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of each.

Metabolic Rate (MR)

The amount of energy an animal uses in a unit amount of time

• measured as O₂ consumptions in units calories/kilocalories

• Sum of all energy-requiring biochemical reactions

Explain the relationship between surface area (A) and volume(V)

\frac{A}{V}\varpropto\frac{\pi r^2}{\pi r^3}\varpropto\frac{1}{r}

Explain the size principle for organisms and the impact on
thermoregulation.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment

• requires cell-to-cell communication

• requires negative feedback

What are the 3 components of feedback system?

• Sensor: measures smth going on on the inside (measure the temperature)

• Integrator: compares that to reference value (오마이갓 지금 좀 춥네)

• Effector: the output of the system (온도 올려어어어ㅓㅓ~~!)

Describe positive and negative feedback processes and their role in
homeostasis.

• Negative Feedback: The effector counteracts the initial sensor stimulus

  • ㅈㄴ 더워져서 온도 낮춤

• Positive Feedback: The effector increases the initial sensor stimulus

  • 온도 높아지기 시작했는데 이걸 더 높여버려 쌰갈

  • Cause rapid changes.

Physiological ecology

how the organism uses basic physics and chemistry laws to meet biological needs / solve basic physiological problems.

• Temp. regulation

• Water ion balance

What are the 4 major types of heat transfer?

1. Conduction

2. Convection

3. Evaporation

4. Radiation

Heat transfer- Conduction

Heat transfer through direct physical contact.

Warm → Cool

Describe the transport equation for heat conduction and explain the
difference between ‘driving force’ and ‘ease of movement’.

Heat transfer- Convection

Heat transfer through environmental medium (air/water)

Free Convection vs. Forced Convection

Heat transfer- Evaporation

Transformation of water from liquid to vapor (gas)

• Evaporating cooling: 기화하면서 표면의 열(에너지)을 흡수

Heat transfer- Radiation

the process of energy moving as electromagnetic waves, primarily infrared radiation, from a warmer object to a cooler one without needing a medium.