Chapter 15: Genetic Engineering

Pigs

________ can be genetically modified so they make leaner meat and cleaner wastes.

Genetic engineers

________ can make transgenic plants, animals, and microorganisms.

Biotechnology

________ raises questions concerning privacy issues.

Drugs

________ that keep chromosomes from separating during meiosis have been very useful in plant breeding.

growth hormone genes

Using ________, scientists have made transgenic salmon that grow much more quickly than wild salmon, making the fish easier to farm.

Polymerase chain reaction

A technique that allows biologists to make many copies of a gene

recombinant DNA

They can be made by putting ________ into the genome of a host.

Breeders

________ can increase the genetic variation in a population by introducing mutations, which are the ultimate source of biological diversity.

own large chromosomes

In addition to their ________, some bacteria have small circular DNA molecules called plasmids located in the cytoplasm.

Forensics

The scientific study of crime scene evidence

Transgenic

A term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms

Restriction

________ enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences, making "sticky ends, "or, single- stranded bases of DNA at the end of a piece of DNA.

Hybridization

A breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms

Humans

________ use selective breeding to pass wanted traits on to the next generation of organisms.

Clone

A member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

Plasmids

________ are often used in recombinant DNA studies.

DNA fingerprinting

________ has helped solve crimes, convict criminals, overturn guilty verdicts, and save more than 110 persons who were sentenced to death for crimes they didnt commit.

GM crops

________ are controversial, as people argue about the safety of using them.

Transgenic animals

________ are often used as test subjects in medical research.

Multicellular organisms

________ are much more difficult to clone than bacteria and other microorganisms.

Selective breeding

A method of breeding that allows only those organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation

Genetic testing

________ is now available for diagnosing hundreds of different disorders and is often used by couples to find out if they are carrying an allele for a genetic disorder.

genetic engineering

Changing genes for a practical purpose is called ________.

Transgenic organisms

________ can be produced by the insertion of recombinant DNA into the genome of a host organism.

DNA microarray

The glass slide or silicon chip that carries thousands of different kinds of single-stranded DNA fragments arranged in a grid

DNA forensics

________ is used in wildlife conservation as well to stop the ivory trade.

DNA probe

A(n) ________ finds the fragments that have highly variable regions; this is shown as a series of DNA bands on the gel.

Biologist Douglas Prasher

________ discovered a way to find genes; by making a piece of RNA that would match that DNA sequence, Prasher made the DNA "magnet "to find the GFP gene.

Breeders

________ can also make mutations happen using radiation and chemicals.

Recombinant DNA

________ can be used to make important proteins that can save human lives.

DNA fingerprinting

________ allows us to figure out who the biological father of a child is by making it easy to find alleles carried by the child that do not match those of the mother.

Selective breeding

________ takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation.

Recombinant-DNA technology-joining together DNA from two or more sources

makes it possible to change the genetic composition of living organisms

Inbreeding

The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics to maintain the desired characteristics of a kind of organism

Biotechnology

The process of manipulating the organisms, cells, or molecules to produce specific products

Recombinant DNA

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources

Plasmid

A small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria

Gene therapy

A process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder in which an absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal working gene

DNA fingerprinting

A tool used by biologists to determine whether two samples of genetic material are from the same person