lecture exam 3 cram time

epimysium

around outer perimeter of muscle

fascia

surrounds epimysium

endomysium

surrounds each muscle fiber, electrically insulates each cell

perimysium

wraps fascicles

intermuscular septa

separate muscle compartments

tendons

attach muscle to bone

aponeurosis

broad sheet of tendon (ex skull)

retinaculum

separates muscles and keeps tendons organized

origin point

end of muscle closer to heart

synergist

aids prime mover

sarcolemma

plasma membrane of muscle cell

sarcoplasmic reticulum

stores/releases calcium

thick filaments

made of hundreds of myosin molecules, help to arrange for contraction

thin filaments

made of actin proteins, tropomyosin molecule blocks active site

elastic filaments

anchored to thick filament and m-line

contractile proteins

actin and myosin

regulatory proteins

troponin and tropomyosin

depolarization

inside of membrane becomes positive

repolarization

loss of positive ions turns the membrane more negative

threshold

minimum voltage necessary to generate an action potential

isometric contraction

same length (ex wall sits)

isotonic contraction

same tension

concentric contraction

muscle shortens (lifting)

eccentric contraction

muscle lengthens (slowly lowering weight)

myokinase

makes ATP from ADP

creatine kinase

gives p to ADP

phosphagen system

combination of ATP and CP which provides energy for short bursts of activity

glycogen-lactate system

produces enough ATP for 30-40s of max activity

VO2 max

when oxygen consumption plateaus and does not increase with added workload

slow twitch fibers

always contracted, grouped in small motor units

fast twitch fibers

not often contracted, grouped in large motor units

peristalsis

waves of contraction in smooth muscles

ganglion

where cell bodies are concentrated

sensory (afferent)

detect stimuli

interneurons

receive signals and make decisions on responses, entirely within CNS

motor (efferent)

send signals out to muscles and gland cells

cytoplasm of nerve

contains lots of mitochondria and rough ER

axon (nerve fiber)

sends signals away from neurosoma

denrites

branches that receive signals

axon terminal

forms synapse with the next cell

unipolar neuron

sensory cells

anaxonic neuron

no axon, mainly dendrites, located in retina, brain, and adrenal gland

multipolar neuron

most common neuron in CNS, one axon, multiple dendrites

bipolar neuron

one axon and one dendrite, located in olfactory cells, retina, and inner ear

anterograde transport

away from neurosoma

retrograde transport

towards neurosoma

kinesin

involved in anterograde transport

dynein

involved in retrograde transport

fast axonal transport

can be retrograde or anterograde

slow axonal transport

always anterograde, often building pathways or repairing damage

oligodendrocytes

form myelin sheath

ependymal cells

circulate CSF

microglia

white blood cells of the brain, look for debris/damage

astrocytes

most abundant, diverse functions, form blood brain barrier

schwann cell

envelops axon

satellite cell

surrounds neurosoma, provides electrical insulation

moves 3 Na out for every 2 K in

Na/K pump

presynaptic neuron

releases NT

postsynaptic neuron

responds to NT

excitatory cholergenic

uses ACh, sodium enters and potassium leaves

GABA inhibitory

chloride rushes in and lowers voltage, inhibiting action potentials

excitatory adregenic

uses noradrenaline, has enzyme amplification, slower to respond

neuromodulators

long-term effects on neurons secreted by neurons