Roots of Dependency Lecture Notes

A set of 50 vocabulary flashcards covering the economic, political, and social history of the Philippines during the late 19th century as described in the provided text.

Slack time

Periods on agricultural plantations where few tasks were to be performed and laborers were typically not supported.

Fardieras

Manila warehouses where Luzon sugar was formed into hollow loaves and set in earthenware pots for drainage.

Negros sugar

Sugar produced as loose crystals for direct overseas shipment, bypassing the need for fardieras.

Bounty system

A subsidy system introduced in Germany and France in 1884 that encouraged beet sugar production.

Beet sugar

The commercial rival to cane sugar that caused a permanent market readjustment and price decline in 1884.

Muscovado

A type of raw sugar produced in the Philippines that became less desirable to Western refiners by the mid-1890s.

Centrifugal sugar

A type of sugar that was cheaper to refine and preferred by major refiners over muscovado.

Hemp

Also known as abaca, this commodity briefly replaced sugar as the leading Philippine export by value in 1887.

Mestizos

The demographic group of mixed heritage who were major sugar producers and later leaders of the reform movement.

Hacendero

A term for wealthy plantation owners whose fortunes were primarily founded on sugar production.

1863 Education Decree

A decree intended to standardize education and encourage Filipinos to acquire Castilian as a common language.

Ilustrados

The 'clase ilustrada' or educated elite who identified themselves as the leadership of indigenous society.

Propaganda Movement

A reformist movement led by young Filipinos in Europe seeking political and economic changes in the colony.

La Solidaridad

A fortnightly review published in Barcelona and Madrid that served as the principal organ of the reform movement.

Jose Rizal

A quintessential ilustrado from a family of sugar tenants who wrote 'On the Indolence of the Filipinos'.

Graciano Lopez-Jaena

The founding editor of La Solidaridad who argued that Philippine progress was due to foreign trade contact.

Marcelo H. del Pilar

A prominent reformist leader who eventually advocated for the abolition of the Spanish flag in the Philippines.

Assimilation

The theory that the Philippines should be an equal and integral province of Spain rather than a subordinate possession.

Separatism

The political stance that emerged as the only viable solution after the failure of assimilationist reforms.

Andres Bonifacio

The founder of the Katipunan and its President at the outbreak of the 1896 revolution.

Katipunan

A secret revolutionary society described by some historians as a plebeian organization of workmen and peasants.

Liga Filipina

An association launched by Jose Rizal in 1892 for the study and application of reforms.

Teodoro Plata

A court clerk in Binondo who was one of the founding members of the Katipunan triangle.

Ladislao Diwa

A law student and court clerk who co-founded the first Katipunan triangle with Bonifacio and Plata.

Deodato Arellano

The first president of the Katipunan supreme council and brother-in-law of Marcelo H. del Pilar.

Roman Basa

An employee of the Spanish naval headquarters who served as the second President of the Katipunan Supreme Council.

Restituto Javier

The son of a Tondo property owner appointed to head the popular council of Santa Cruz, Manila.

Emilio Jacinto

The leading publicist and theoretician of the Katipunan who joined the Supreme Council at age nineteen.

Pio Valenzuela

A medical student who served as the fiscal and physician on the Katipunan Supreme Council.

Principallia

The local ruling class in towns, composed of past and present municipal officials like cabezas and gobernadorcillos.

Cabeza de barangay

The lowest-level municipal official responsible for tax collection and labor assignments in a barrio.

Gobernadorcillo

The chief municipal official of a town, later known as the capitan municipal.

Teniente mayor

A municipal official responsible for police matters and the boundaries of cultivated lands.

Cuadrilleros

Local constables staffed on a rotation basis from among the town's inhabitants.

Directorcillo

A person with some college education who served as a paid interpreter and municipal clerk.

Emilio Aguinaldo

A landowner and former capitan municipal of Cavite Viejo who became leader of the revolutionary government.

Magdalo

The Katipunan council in eastern Cavite led by the Aguinaldo family and their associates.

Magdiwang

The Katipunan council in western Cavite led by Mariano Alvarez.

Mariano Alvarez

The president of the Magdiwang council and a school teacher by profession.

Artemio Ricarte

A school teacher and graduate of the Jesuit Escuela Normal who served in the Magdiwang cabinet.

Don

An honorific title traditionally accorded to members of the principalia class.

Tejeros Convention

A March 1897 meeting where a republican government was established to replace the Katipunan.

Kalayaan

The official newspaper of the Katipunan, which significantly boosted its membership in 1896.

Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China

One of the two British banks permitted to operate in Manila in 1873 to facilitate trade.

Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

A powerful British financial institution that extended operations to the Philippines in 1873.

Russell, Sturgis

A major American commercial house in Manila that went bankrupt in 1876 due to British competition.

Peele, Hubbell

An American firm that collapsed a decade after the failure of Russell, Sturgis.

Henry W. Peabody & Co.

A hemp-dealing American firm that eventually sold out to the British in the early twentieth century.

Manila Railroad

An infrastructural development planned and carried out under British auspices.

Filibustero

A term used by Spanish authorities and the clergy to denote subversives or reformists.