________ is the addition of water to a multiple bond to give an alcohol product.
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Markovnikovs rule states
________ that in the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises from the H attaching to the double- bond carbon that has the larger number of H atoms directly attached to it and the X attaching to the carbon that has the smaller number of H atoms attached.
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Hydrohalogenation
________ is the addition of HCl or HBr to a multiple bond to give an alkyl halide product.
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Aromatic
________ is the class of compounds containing benzene- like rings.
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Polymer
________ is a large molecule formed by the repetitive bonding together of many smaller molecules (or monomers) and a monomer is a small molecule that is used to prepare a(n) ________.
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Cis trans isomer
________ are alkenes that have the same connections between atoms but differ in their three- dimensional structures because of the way those groups attach to different sides of the double bond.
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→Halogenation
________ is the substitution of a halogen group (¬X) for a hydrogen on an aromatic ring.
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multiple bond
If the ________ is an equal distance from both ends, begin numbering at the end nearer the first branch point.
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Nitration
________ is the substitution of a nitro group (¬NO2) for a hydrogen on an aromatic ring.
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Sulfonation
________ is the substitution of a sulfonic acid group (¬SO3H) for a hydrogen on an aromatic ring.
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Hydrogenation
________ is the addition of H2 to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.
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Alkenes
________ display cis- trans isomerism when each double- bond carbon atom has different substituents.
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Halogenation
________ (usually for alkene) is the addition of Cl2 or Br2 to a multiple bond to give a dihalide product.
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Resonance
________ allows the electrons in the double bonds to be delocalized over the entire molecule, thus lowering the reactivity of the double bonds.
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Ethene yields
________ polyethene upon polymerization, propene yields polypropene, and styrene yields polystyrene.
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Multiple bonds
________ are chemically reactive.
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Cis trans isomers
________ can have different physical and biological properties.
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multiple bonds
Saturated molecule is a molecule in which each carbon atom has the maximum number of single bonds possible (four) and unsaturated molecule is a molecule that contains one or more carbon- carbon ________.
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STEP 1
Name the parent compound
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STEP 2
Number the carbon atoms in the main chain so that those with multiple bonds have the lowest index numbers possible
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STEP 3
Write the full name
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Four particularly important kinds of organic reactions involving alkynes and alkenes
additions, eliminations, substitutions, and rearrangements
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→Addition reaction
A general reaction type in which a substance X¬Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds
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→Elimination reaction
A general reaction type in which a saturated reactant yields an unsaturated product by losing groups from two adjacent atoms
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→Substitution reaction
A general reaction type in which an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms
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→Rearrangement reaction
A general reaction type in which a molecule undergoes bond reorganization to yield an isomer
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The terms ortho-, meta-, or para
(or their single-letter equivalents) are then used as prefixes
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saturated molecule
a molecule in which each carbon atom has the maximum number of single bonds possible (four)
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addition reaction
A general reaction type in which a substance X¬Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.
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substitution reaction
A general reaction type in which an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.
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elimination reaction
A general reaction type in which a saturated reactant yields an unsaturated product by losing groups from two adjacent atoms.
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rearrangement reaction
A general reaction type in which a molecule undergoes bond reorganization to yield an isomer.
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