Chapter 13:Alkenes, Alkynes and Aromatic compounds

Hydration

________ is the addition of water to a multiple bond to give an alcohol product.

Markovnikovs rule states

________ that in the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises from the H attaching to the double- bond carbon that has the larger number of H atoms directly attached to it and the X attaching to the carbon that has the smaller number of H atoms attached.

Hydrohalogenation

________ is the addition of HCl or HBr to a multiple bond to give an alkyl halide product.

Aromatic

________ is the class of compounds containing benzene- like rings.

Polymer

________ is a large molecule formed by the repetitive bonding together of many smaller molecules (or monomers) and a monomer is a small molecule that is used to prepare a(n) ________.

Cis trans isomer

________ are alkenes that have the same connections between atoms but differ in their three- dimensional structures because of the way those groups attach to different sides of the double bond.

→Halogenation

________ is the substitution of a halogen group (¬X) for a hydrogen on an aromatic ring.

multiple bond

If the ________ is an equal distance from both ends, begin numbering at the end nearer the first branch point.

Nitration

________ is the substitution of a nitro group (¬NO2) for a hydrogen on an aromatic ring.

Sulfonation

________ is the substitution of a sulfonic acid group (¬SO3H) for a hydrogen on an aromatic ring.

Hydrogenation

________ is the addition of H2 to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

Alkenes

________ display cis- trans isomerism when each double- bond carbon atom has different substituents.

Halogenation

________ (usually for alkene) is the addition of Cl2 or Br2 to a multiple bond to give a dihalide product.

Resonance

________ allows the electrons in the double bonds to be delocalized over the entire molecule, thus lowering the reactivity of the double bonds.

Ethene yields

________ polyethene upon polymerization, propene yields polypropene, and styrene yields polystyrene.

Multiple bonds

________ are chemically reactive.

Cis trans isomers

________ can have different physical and biological properties.

multiple bonds

Saturated molecule is a molecule in which each carbon atom has the maximum number of single bonds possible (four) and unsaturated molecule is a molecule that contains one or more carbon- carbon ________.

STEP 1

Name the parent compound

STEP 2

Number the carbon atoms in the main chain so that those with multiple bonds have the lowest index numbers possible

STEP 3

Write the full name

Four particularly important kinds of organic reactions involving alkynes and alkenes

additions, eliminations, substitutions, and rearrangements

→Addition reaction

A general reaction type in which a substance X¬Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds

→Elimination reaction

A general reaction type in which a saturated reactant yields an unsaturated product by losing groups from two adjacent atoms

→Substitution reaction

A general reaction type in which an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms

→Rearrangement reaction

A general reaction type in which a molecule undergoes bond reorganization to yield an isomer

The terms ortho-, meta-, or para

(or their single-letter equivalents) are then used as prefixes

saturated molecule

a molecule in which each carbon atom has the maximum number of single bonds possible (four)

addition reaction

A general reaction type in which a substance X¬Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

substitution reaction

A general reaction type in which an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.

elimination reaction

A general reaction type in which a saturated reactant yields an unsaturated product by losing groups from two adjacent atoms.

rearrangement reaction

A general reaction type in which a molecule undergoes bond reorganization to yield an isomer.