2nd Shifting Parasitology

Common name of Schistosoma japonicum?

Oriental blood fluke

Infective stage of Schistosoma japonicum?

Cercaria

Definitive host of Schistosoma japonicum?

Humans

Incidental host of Schistosoma japonicum?

None

Drug of choice for Schistosoma japonicum?

Praziquantel

Diagnostic test for Schistosoma japonicum?

Stool exam (Kato-Katz)

Diagnostic stage of Schistosoma japonicum?

Egg with small lateral knob

Habitat of Schistosoma japonicum in the body?

Mesenteric veins of small intestine

Best preventive measure for Schistosoma japonicum?

Avoid open defecation, contaminated water ; snail control

Distinct feature of Schistosoma japonicum?

Egg with a small, inconspicuous lateral spine/knob.

Common name of Paragonimus westermani?

Oriental lung fluke

Infective stage of Paragonimus westermani?

Metacercaria in crabs or crayfish

Definitive host of Paragonimus westermani?

Humans

Incidental host of Paragonimus westermani?

Pigs, cats, dogs

Drug of choice for Paragonimus westermani?

Praziquantel

Diagnostic test for Paragonimus westermani?

Sputum or stool examination

Diagnostic stage of Paragonimus westermani?

Operculated egg with thick shell

Habitat of Paragonimus westermani in the body?

Lungs

Best preventive measure for Paragonimus westermani?

Avoid eating raw or undercooked crabs or crayfish

Distinct feature of Paragonimus westermani?

Causes paragonimiasis, often diagnosed by eggs in sputum.

Common name of Clonorchis sinensis?

Chinese liver fluke

Infective stage of Clonorchis sinensis?

Metacercaria in freshwater fish

Definitive host of Clonorchis sinensis?

Humans

Incidental host of Clonorchis sinensis?

Cats, dogs, pigs

Drug of choice for Clonorchis sinensis?

Praziquantel

Diagnostic test for Clonorchis sinensis?

Stool examination

Diagnostic stage of Clonorchis sinensis?

Operculated egg with small terminal knob

Habitat of Clonorchis sinensis in the body?

Bile ducts of the liver

Best preventive measure for Clonorchis sinensis?

Avoid raw or undercooked freshwater fish

Distinct feature of Clonorchis sinensis?

Eggs are small, operculated, with a distinct 'shoulder' or knob at the opercular end.

Common name of Opisthorchis felineus?

Cat liver fluke

Infective stage of Opisthorchis felineus?

Metacercaria in freshwater fish

Definitive host of Opisthorchis felineus?

Humans, cats, dogs

Incidental host of Opisthorchis felineus?

Fish-eating mammals

Drug of choice for Opisthorchis felineus?

Praziquantel

Diagnostic test for Opisthorchis felineus?

Stool examination

Diagnostic stage of Opisthorchis felineus?

Operculated egg

Habitat of Opisthorchis felineus in the body?

Bile ducts

Best preventive measure for Opisthorchis felineus?

Properly cook freshwater fish

Distinct feature of Opisthorchis felineus?

Eggs are similar in appearance to Clonorchis sinensis, making morphological differentiation challenging.

Common name of Opisthorchis viverrini?

Southeast Asian liver fluke

Infective stage of Opisthorchis viverrini?

Metacercaria in freshwater fish

Definitive host of Opisthorchis viverrini?

Humans, cats, dogs

Incidental host of Opisthorchis viverrini?

Fish-eating mammals

Drug of choice for Opisthorchis viverrini?

Praziquantel

Diagnostic test for Opisthorchis viverrini?

Stool examination

Diagnostic stage of Opisthorchis viverrini?

Operculated egg (similar to Clonorchis)

Habitat of Opisthorchis viverrini in the body?

Bile ducts

Best preventive measure for Opisthorchis viverrini?

Avoid eating raw fish

Distinct feature of Opisthorchis viverrini?

A significant risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) in endemic areas.

Common name of Fasciola hepatica?

Sheep liver fluke

Infective stage of Fasciola hepatica?

Metacercaria on aquatic vegetation

Definitive host of Fasciola hepatica?

Sheep, cattle, humans (accidental)

Incidental host of Fasciola hepatica?

Humans

Drug of choice for Fasciola hepatica?

Triclabendazole

Diagnostic test for Fasciola hepatica?

Stool examination or serology

Diagnostic stage of Fasciola hepatica?

Large operculated egg

Habitat of Fasciola hepatica in the body?

Bile ducts and liver parenchyma

Best preventive measure for Fasciola hepatica?

Avoid raw aquatic plants

Distinct feature of Fasciola hepatica?

Large leaf-shaped fluke, causing 'liver rot' in sheep and humans.

Common name of Fasciola gigantica?

Giant liver fluke

Infective stage of Fasciola gigantica?

Metacercaria on aquatic vegetation

Definitive host of Fasciola gigantica?

Cattle, buffalo, humans (accidental)

Incidental host of Fasciola gigantica?

Humans

Drug of choice for Fasciola gigantica?

Triclabendazole

Diagnostic test for Fasciola gigantica?

Stool examination

Diagnostic stage of Fasciola gigantica?

Large operculated egg (larger than F. hepatica)

Habitat of Fasciola gigantica in the body?

Bile ducts

Best preventive measure for Fasciola gigantica?

Avoid eating raw aquatic plants

Distinct feature of Fasciola gigantica?

Even larger than Fasciola hepatica, primarily affecting cattle and buffalo.

Common name of Fasciolopsis buski?

Giant intestinal fluke

Infective stage of Fasciolopsis buski?

Metacercaria on aquatic plants (e.g., water chestnut, lotus)

Definitive host of Fasciolopsis buski?

Humans and pigs

Incidental host of Fasciolopsis buski?

None

Drug of choice for Fasciolopsis buski?

Praziquantel

Diagnostic test for Fasciolopsis buski?

Stool examination

Diagnostic stage of Fasciolopsis buski?

Large operculated egg (similar to Fasciola)

Habitat of Fasciolopsis buski in the body?

Small intestine

Best preventive measure for Fasciolopsis buski?

Avoid eating raw aquatic plants; proper sanitation

Distinct feature of Fasciolopsis buski?

The largest intestinal fluke of humans, found in the small intestine.

Common name of Echinostoma ilocanum?

Garrison’s fluke

Infective stage of Echinostoma ilocanum?

Metacercaria in snails or fish

Definitive host of Echinostoma ilocanum?

Humans, dogs, pigs

Incidental host of Echinostoma ilocanum?

None

Drug of choice for Echinostoma ilocanum?

Praziquantel

Diagnostic test for Echinostoma ilocanum?

Stool examination

Diagnostic stage of Echinostoma ilocanum?

Operculated egg with abopercular knob

Habitat of Echinostoma ilocanum in the body?

Small intestine

Best preventive measure for Echinostoma ilocanum?

Cook snails and fish thoroughly

Distinct feature of Echinostoma ilocanum?

Characterized by a collar of spines around the oral sucker (cephalic collarette).

Common name of Artyfechinostomum malayanum?

Malayan echinostome

Infective stage of Artyfechinostomum malayanum?

Metacercaria in snails

Definitive host of Artyfechinostomum malayanum?

Humans and pigs

Incidental host of Artyfechinostomum malayanum?

None

Drug of choice for Artyfechinostomum malayanum?

Praziquantel

Diagnostic test for Artyfechinostomum malayanum?

Stool examination

Diagnostic stage of Artyfechinostomum malayanum?

Operculated egg

Habitat of Artyfechinostomum malayanum in the body?

Small intestine

Best preventive measure for Artyfechinostomum malayanum?

Avoid eating raw or undercooked snails

Distinct feature of Artyfechinostomum malayanum?

Possesses a prominent head collar with a single row of spines, causing intestinal echinostomiasis.