Patho Ch 34: Chronic and Degenerative Neurological Disorders

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Neurons

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Description and Tags

45 Terms

1

Neurons

Conduct electrical signals

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2

Glial cells

Phagocytose foreign matter and cellular debris

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3

Neuron has 4 major parts

Dendrites •Cell body •Axon •Axon terminals

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4

how many axons does a neuron have

1

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5

what do axon terminals contain

neurotransmitters.

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6

Synapse

Space between neurons where neurotransmitters move from one neuron to another.

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7

Types of neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine • Norepinephrine • Serotonin • Dopamine • Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) • Glutamate

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8

Dopamine

behavior, movement, memory; CNS

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9

Norepinephrine

Excitatory stress hormone

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10

Glutamate

Excitatory signal in CNS

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11

Myelin

Protective sheath around axon of some neurons; Acts like insulation around electrical wire.

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12

what is referred to as white matter

myelin

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13

Epilepsy

Chronic neurological disorder with recurrent seizures ; disrupted channel activation leading to repetitive synchronous firing of neuronal action potentials

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14

Seizure

Sudden, abnormal, disorderly discharge of neurons within the brain

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15

Generalized Seizures

Arises in one hemisphere and evolves to involve both hemispheres

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16

Absence seizures

Client is unaware of seizure activity

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17

Focal

localized within 1 cerebral hemisphere. Stays in that hemisphere.

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18

Clonic

Motor symptoms with sustained rhythmical jerking

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19

Tonic

Muscles become tense or rigid.

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20

Atonic

Weak or limp muscles

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21

Myoclonus

Muscle twitching

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22

Epileptic spasms

Repeated flexion and extension of the whole body.

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23

Non-motor symptom

Absence seizures” (staring spells with no movement)

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24

Aura

Sensation before a seizure • Could be described as a strange light, unpleasant smell, confusing thoughts.

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25

Ictal period

Episode of the seizure;time

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26

Postictal

After seizure complete • Person may be tired, confused, nauseated, may have amnesia

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27

Primary headaches

Arise independent of any other medical illness or traumatic cause • Tension-type, migraine, and trigeminal autonomic cephalgia

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28

Secondary headaches

Caused by another primary condition • Head injury, vascular problems, medication side effects, sinus disease, and tumors

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29

what is the most common primary headache

Tension Type Headache

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30

where are tension headaches position

Bilateral pain with mild to moderate pressure

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31

does tension headache worsen with activity

no

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32

Migraine Headache

Periodic, throbbing headaches • Altered perceptions, nausea, and severe pain

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33

what makes migraines worse

movement

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34

Viral Meningitis

mumps, measles, herpes, West Nile virus. • No vaccine

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35

S/S viral meningitis

Headache, nuchal rigidity, photophobia, fever, chills, nausea/vomiting, altered level of consciousness, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, tachycardia, seizures, red macular rash

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36

Bacterial Meningitis

otitis media, pneumonia, sinusitis

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37

Parkinson’s Disease

Progressive loss of dopamine-producing cells in the basal ganglia

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38

what moderates movement such as posture, standing, walking, writing.

Basal ganglia

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39

what stimulates muscle movement

Acetylcholine

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40

Dopamine depletion imbalance causes

unopposed acetylcholine (tremors, uncoordinated movements)

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41

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Chronic demyelinating disorder. • Autoimmune inflammatory disorder: T cell-mediated attack of myelin

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42

what does MS impact

Affects brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves

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43

what heals during remission of MS

Myelin damage

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44

MS characterized by

Characterized by remissions and exacerbations

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45

MS risks

Genetic predisposition, viral process, trauma, female, Northern European descent, living in cooler climates

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