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Psychology as a Science
Systematic study of mind, brain, and behavior.
Scientific Methods
Observation, hypothesis testing, evidence-based reasoning.
Interdisciplinary Nature
Influence of societal factors on behavior and processes.
Ethics in Research
Ensures participant well-being and rights.
Integrity and Honesty
Maintaining truthfulness in research practices.
Understanding and Empathy
Importance of empathy in psychological research.
Reliability
Striving for accuracy in psychological findings.
Curiosity
Drives inquiry and exploration in psychology.
Compassion
Caring attitude towards affected individuals.
Land Acknowledgment
Recognizes indigenous peoples' connection to land.
Ethical Violations
Past exploitation highlights need for ethical conduct.
Informed Consent
Participants must understand and agree to research.
Cultural Diversity
Respecting varied cultural perspectives in research.
Transparency in Research
Promotes accountability and trustworthiness in findings.
Empiricism
Commitment to evidence-based decision-making.
Basic Research
Generates new knowledge about mind and behavior.
Applied Research
Solves practical problems through psychological insights.
Translational Research
Bridges basic and applied research for practical use.
Interdisciplinary Approach
Collaboration across psychology branches for insights.
Research Skills
Enhance critical thinking and evaluation abilities.
Benefits of Research
Offers solutions to societal challenges and informs practice.
Evaluating Research Claims
Assessing validity of claims in various sources.
Frequency Claims
Describes prevalence of phenomena in groups.
Association Claims
Highlights relationships between two or more phenomena.
Causal Claims
Indicates one variable influences another directly.
Identifying Claim Type
Determine claim type based on language used.
Understanding Methods
Investigate empirical testing methods for claims.
Ethical Research
Research conducted with respect for participants' rights.
Respect for Persons
Protect autonomy and those lacking decision-making capacity.
Beneficence
Research should benefit participants and minimize risks.
Justice
Equitable inclusion avoids unfair burdens on groups.
Privacy
Protect participants' private information from disclosure.
Integrity
Researchers must be accurate, truthful, and honest.
Responsibility
Researchers maintain ethical standards in all roles.
Ethical Dilemmas
Conflicts between participant rights and legal obligations.
Animal Research
Research involving animals raises significant ethical debates.
Veterinary Improvements
Animal research enhances treatments for psychological issues.
Psychological Insights
Animal studies improve understanding of human psychology.
Historical Violations
Past unethical practices increased focus on animal welfare.
IACUC
Committee ensuring ethical standards in animal research.
Replacement
Use alternatives to animal research when possible.
Reduction
Minimize animal use by sharing materials among studies.
Public Perception
Influenced by extreme cases like cosmetics testing.
Generalizability
Assess applicability of animal study results to humans.
Transparency
Open communication about research processes and findings.
Fairness
Equitable treatment of all research participants.
Minimal Risk
Research poses low risk to participants' well-being.
Trust
Building confidence between researchers and participants.
Autonomy
Participants' right to make informed choices.
Truth
Commitment to honesty in research reporting.
Refinement
Implement procedures causing the least harm.
Legal Compliance
Research must adhere to local and federal laws.
Ethical Balance
Cost-benefit analysis maximizing benefits, minimizing harm.
Research Integrity
Accuracy, truthfulness, and honesty in research.
Data Fabrication
Inventing data to fit a hypothesis.
Data Falsification
Manipulating study results by altering data.
Plagiarism
Using others' work without proper attribution.
Peer Review
Ensures high-quality research publication.
Double-Masked Review
Reviewers and authors remain anonymous to each other.
Pre-Registration
Documenting research plans before conducting studies.
Public Repositories
Open platforms for registering research studies.
APA Style
Guidelines for preparing psychology research articles.
Bias Reduction
Strict rules for language and participant demographics.
Reviewer Responsibilities
Evaluate scientific importance and quality of research.
Open Science Principles
Encourage data sharing and enhance reproducibility.
Respect
Recognition of individuals' worth and dignity.
Tri-Council Policy
Training course for ethical research conduct.
Belmont Report Principles
Respect, beneficence, and justice in research ethics.
Case Study
Examining ethical dilemmas in teen pregnancy research.
Mandatory Reporting
Legal obligation to report discovered abuse.
Ethical Safeguards
Guidelines preventing ethical violations in research.
Participant Inclusion Criteria
Restrict the study to one member of a potentially problematic pair (eg, the pregnant teenager) to avoid legal risks.
Role of Research Ethics Boards (REBs)
Committees that review and monitor research involving humans.
Composition of REBs
Includes researchers, ethicists, community members, and legal experts.
Purpose of REBs
Ensure research risks are minimized and are comparable to everyday life risks of participants.
Risk Assessment and Management
Compare the risks associated with the research to everyday risks faced by participants.
Unexpected Risks
Address and mitigate any unexpected risks that arise during the study.
Safeguards
Implement specific measures to protect participants, such as anonymizing data and managing sensitive information responsibly.
Data Anonymization Techniques
Collect data anonymously whenever possible to avoid ethical and legal dilemmas.
Coding Systems
Use codes to separate identifying information from collected data.
Anonymized Data
Delete identifiers from data once collected to protect participants' privacy.
Principles of Informed Consent
Core tenets include voluntary participation, ongoing consent, informed decision-making, and accessible information suited to participants' understanding levels.
Vulnerable Populations
Special considerations for minors and marginalized groups.
Balancing Autonomy and Protection
Respect participants' ability to make their own decisions while safeguarding those who may lack decision-making capacity.
Justice and Equitable Inclusion in Research
Ensure no group bears an unfair burden or is excluded from research benefits.
Targeted Recruitment
Match participants to the target population and avoid convenience sampling.
Importance of Ethical Conduct in Research
Upholding ethical standards is crucial for maintaining public trust in science.
Transparency and Integrity
Be honest and transparent in reporting research methods and results, including acknowledging mistakes.
Responsibility of Researchers
Researchers have a responsibility to society to conduct and present their work ethically.
Example of Frequency Claim
"Cannabis use in Canada increased 40% between 2013 and 2017."
Example of Association Claim
"Several studies have linked marijuana use to increased risk for psychiatric disorders."
Example of Causal Claim
"A new study found marijuana legalization leads to more problematic use."
Population vs Sample
Understand the difference between the population of interest and the sample used in the study.
Constructs and Variables
Identify the concepts being studied (constructs) and how they are measured (variables).
Operationalization
Assess how well the variables are defined and measured.
Causality Examination
Analyze how causality is explored and what evidence supports causal claims.
Experimental Design
Consider whether an experimental design would be feasible and ethical for testing causal claims.
Ethical Considerations in Experiments
Discuss the ethical implications of conducting experiments to test causal claims, especially in sensitive areas like health and behavior.
Media Evaluation
Contrast media headlines with actual research findings to assess accuracy and validity.
Validity
Consider internal and external validity; high internal validity indicates controlled experiments with manipulated independent variables.
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