Psych 255 Exam 2

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51 Terms

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open-ended questions
respondents can respond in any way they like
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forced-choice questions
people give their opinion by picking the best of two or more options
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Likert scale
strongly agree to strongly disagree
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semantic differential format
rate on a scale from 1 to 5
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leading questions
the wording of the questions leads to a particular response
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double-barreled question
asks two questions in one
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negatively worded questions
the question contains bias and negative phrasing
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response sets
people have shortcuts when answering questions
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acquiescene
answering stongly agree for every question
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fence sitting
answering on the middle of the scale, neutral
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desirable responding or faking good
they are embarassed to answer honestly
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observational research
recording or observing phenomena
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observer bias
the observer’s expectations influence their interpretation of the participant’s behaviors
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observer effects
the observer unknowingly influences the participant’s behavior
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masked design
the observers are unaware of the study
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reactivity
change in behavior when the participants know they are being observed
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unobtrusive observations
making yourself less noticeable to participants
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biased sample
some members of the population have a much higher probability than other members of being included in the sample
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unbiased sample
all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected
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convenience sampling
using a sample of people who are easy to contact
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self-selection
when a sample is known to contain only people who volunteer to participate
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probability sampling
every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
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nonprobability sampling
involves nonrandom sampling and result in a biased sample
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simple random sampling
each member has an equal chance of being selected
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systematic sampling
every 4th person is chosen, there is a system to choosing
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cluster sampling
the target population is grouped into clusters and then participants are chosen from the clusters
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multistage sampling
a random sample of clusters and then a random sample of people within those clusters
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stratified random sampling
strata (demographic catergories) and then individuals are chosen from each
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oversampling
researcher intentionally overrepresents one or more groups
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random assignment
is used in experimental designs, groups are assigned at random
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purposive sampling
participants are recruited in a nonrandom way
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snowball sampling
participants are asked to tell their friends about the sample
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quota sampling
the researcher has a target sample number and will survey until their number is reached
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bivariate correlation
association between exactly two variables
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effect size
the strength of a relationship between two or more variables
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replication
conducting the study again
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restriction of range
not a full range of scores and makes the correlation appear smaller than it truly is
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curvilinear association
the relationship between the two variables is not a straight line
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spurious association
there is a third variable interference
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moderator
when the relationship of two variables changes depending on the level of another variable
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multivariate designs
involve more than two measured variables
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longitudinal design
provide evidence for temporal precedence
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cross-sectional correlations
test to see whether two variables measured at the same point in time are correlated
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autocorrelations
they determine the correlation of one variable with itself meausured on two different occasions
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cross-lag correlations
show whether the earlier measure of one variable is associated with the later measure of the other variable
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multiple regression
helps rule out some third variables
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criterion variable
dependent varible
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predictor variable
independent variables
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Terms for regression
“controlled for” and “adjusting for” and “considering”
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parsimony
degree to which a scientific theory provides the simplest explaination of a phenomena
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mediator
a mediating variable between the two existing variables