Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitters

These flashcards cover key concepts related to synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters, action potentials, and cranial nerves, aiding in exam preparation.

What are the steps of synaptic transmission?

Synthesis, packaging and transport of neurotransmitters (NT), release triggered by action potential, binding to receptors on post-synaptic membrane, inactivation and reuptake.

Which enzyme combines acetyl-CoA and choline to synthesize acetylcholine (Ach)?

Choline acetyltransferase.

How is acetylcholine (Ach) deactivated?

Ach is broken down by acetylcholine esterase into acetic acid and choline.

What are the two types of acetylcholine receptors?

Nicotinic and Muscarinic receptors.

What occurs during the depolarization phase of an action potential?

Sodium ions flood into the cell.

What is the threshold potential for an action potential to occur?

Around -55 mV.

What is the typical peak voltage of an action potential?

+30 mV.

Which neurochemical is responsible for mood regulation?

Serotonin.

What are examples of gasotransmitters?

Nitric Oxide (NO) and Carbon Monoxide (CO).

What is the function of the olfactory nerve?

Responsible for smell.

What type of receptors are directly affecting membrane potential and are fast-acting?

Ionotropic receptors.

How do metabotropic receptors differ from ionotropic receptors?

Metabotropic receptors have slow and long-lasting effects and can lead to signal transduction processes.

What happens when glutamate binds to AMPA receptors?

Sodium ions ($Na^+$) influx leads to depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane.

What ion blocks the NMDA receptors under resting conditions?

Magnesium ($Mg^{2+}$).

What occurs after sufficient depolarization in NMDA receptors?

Magnesium ($Mg^{2+}$) diffuses away, allowing calcium ($Ca^{2+}$) ions to enter the cell.