Joints (types of joints, word parts, and disorders)

Articulations (joints)

A place where bones meet. There are 3 types of joints:
Synovial
Fibrous
Cartilaginous

Synovial joint

Moving joints. Separated by the synovial cavity. Freely moveable. All joints are in the limbs.

Fibrous joint

Bones held together by fibrous connective tissue. No movement occurs. E.g sutures in the skull

Cartilaginous joint

Bones are connected by cartilage. Slight movement. E.g. Public symphysis, joints between the vertebrae, joint between first rib and sternum

Synovial fluid

The synovial cavity contains synovial fluid which is secreted by the synovial membrane - a connective tissue membrane.

Flexion

Decrease the angle between bones

Extension

Increase the angle between the bones

Circumduction

Circular movement at a joint

Adduction

Movement.towards the midline

Abduction

Movement away from the midline

Rotation

Turning a bone on its axis

Supination

Turning the hand up or forward

Pronation

Turning the.hand backwards or down

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inwards

Eversion

Turning the sole of the foot outwards

Dorsiflexion

Bending the foot towards the leg e.g. painting the toenails

Plantar flexion

Pointing the tow downwards e.g. tip toes

Types of synovial joints

Plane joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Condyloid joint
Saddle joint
Ball and socket joint

Plane joint

Flat articular surfaces. Short slipping or gliding movements. Intercarpal and Intertarsal joints e.g. wrist

Hinge joint

Movement in one plane only ). E.g. Elbow and interphalangeal joints

Pivot joint

Rounded end of one bone sits in a sleeve made from ligaments. Rotation around axis. Axis amd atlas, proximal radioulnar joint

Condyloid joint

Overall surface of one bone sits in a shallow bowl. Movement around 2 axis. E.g. Knuckle joints amd wrist (radiocarpal)

Saddle joint

Surface is saddle shaped. Greater freedom of movement than a condyloid joiny. E.g. Carpometacarpal thumb joint

Ball and socket joint

Ball of one bone fits into the cup of another bone. Universal movement. E.g. Hip and shoulder

Bursae

A small sac filled with synovial fluid. Found in areas subject to stress. Helps ease movement.

synarthrosis

immovable

amphiarthrosis

slightly movable

Diarthrosis

freely movable

revision surgery

replacement of a worn or failed implant

arthroscopic surgery

a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint

ankyl/o

crooked, bent, stiff

-osis, -esis

abnormal condition

-algia

pain, painful condition

-sclerosis (suffix)

abnormal hardening

burs/o

bursa, sac of fluid near joint

-oma

tumor

-malacia

abnormal softening

hem/o

blood, relating to the blood

oste/o

bone

hallux

big toe

valgus

bent outward

-pasty

surgical repair

synov/o

synovial membrane, synovial fluid

Ankylosis

the loss, or absence, of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure

arthralgia

pain in a joint or joints

arthrosclerosis

stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly

chronrdroma

slow-growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells

chondramalacia

abnormal softening of cartilage

hallux valgus (bunion)

abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe

hemarthrosis

blood within a joint

synovitis

inflammation of synovial membrane

dislocation (luxation)

the total displacement of a bone from its joint

subluxation

partial dislocation of a joint

arthritis

inflammation of a joint

osteoarthritis (OA)

normal wear and tear of the joints

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

crippling, autoimmune disorder , attack the synovial membrane they become inflamed and thickened so that the joints are increasingly swollen and immobile

gouty arthritis (gout)

disease where uric acid accumulates in the blood and is deposited as needle sharp like crystal in the soft tissues of the joint

movement of fibrous joints

synarthroses (immovable)

movement of cartilaginous joints

amphiarthroses (slightly movable)

movement of synovial joints

diarthroses (freely moveable)