IPS1 - Organic Chemistry

Proverbs 16:3

American Chemical Society

According to ____ ? 

Organic Chemistry is the study of structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparations of carbon containing compound

Organic Chemistry

____- is the study of structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparations of carbon containing compound

Vital Force Theory

[THEORY] 

Made by the Scientist Berzelius in 1809 which assumed that organic compounds are only formed in living cells and it is impossible to prepare them in laboratories

Berzelius 

Vital Force Theory is made by scientist _____ in 1809  

Friedrich Wohler

He disproved the vital force theory as he obtained organic compound (urea) in the laboratory

• Atomic number - 6

• Atomic weight - 12.011

• Weakly acidic, hexagonal crystal structure, solid physical state

Properties of Carbon (C) [3]

E. All of these

Carbon can bond to ______.

A. C

B. N

C. O

D. H

E. All of these

• Carbon – 4 bonds

• Oxygen – 2 bonds

How many bonds can Carbon form? Oxygen?

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

Allotropes

___-are different forms of the same element that have different structures

• Diamond

• Graphite

• Fullerene

Allotropes of Carbon [3] 

Fullerene

[Allotropes of Carbon]

• Made with 5 or 7 carbons in a ring.

• Has a soccer ball structure (C₆₀ buckyball).

Fullerene

[Allotropes of Carbon]

___ - used on nuclear reactors

B. a pair of shared electrons

An organic bond represents

______.

A. transfer of electrons

B. a pair of shared electrons

C. a pair of shared protons

D. transfer of protons

Hydrocarbon

The simplest organic compound.

Methane

____- is the simplest hydrocarbon ?

D. Bad conductor of electricity

Organic compounds, when compared with inorganic

compounds, have ______.

A. Lower melting/boiling point

B. Many more atoms

C. More complex structures

D. Bad conductor of electricity

True

True or False:

Carbohydrates such as sucrose are poor conductor

Organic Compound

[Organic vs. Inorganic Compound]

• Composed of C, H, and O primarily

• Nature is covalent due to C-H bonding

Organic Compound

[Organic vs. Inorganic Compound]

• Low melting and boiling points

• Low solubility in water

Organic Compound

[Organic vs. Inorganic Compound]

• Bad conductors of heat and electricity

• Some are volatile in nature

Organic Compound

[Organic vs. Inorganic Compound]

• Have catenation (ability to form long chain, ring) property due to C

• Most are colorless

Catenation

The ability to form long chain ring

Organic Compound

[Organic vs. Inorganic Compound]

• Generally slow rate of reactions

• Mostly found in living things and are biodegradable

Organic Compound

[Organic vs. Inorganic Compound]

• Enzymes, protein, DNA, RNA, and fuels

• Generally flammable, volatile, have no conductivity

Organic Compound

[Organic vs. Inorganic Compound]

• Generally soluble in hexane, generally insoluble in water

Inorganic Compound

[Organic vs. Inorganic Compound]

• Composed of atoms usually other than C

• Nature can be electro covalent, ionic, or covalent

Inorganic Compound

[Organic vs. Inorganic Compound]

• Higher melting and boiling point

• High water solubility

Inorganic Compound

[Organic vs. Inorganic Compound]

• Almost no volatile inorganic compound

• Only some have catenation properties

Inorganic Compound

[Organic vs. Inorganic Compound]

• Generally have colors

• Fast rate of reaction

Inorganic Compound

[Organic vs. Inorganic Compound]

• Mostly found in non living things

• Generally environment unfriendly

Inorganic Compound

[Organic vs. Inorganic Compound]

• Metals, nommetals, salts, etc.

• Generally inflammable, not volatile, good conductors,

Hydrocarbon

A compound only containing hydrogen and carbon

Example: 

• Methane (CH₄₎

• Ethane (C₂H₆₎

• Ethene (C₂H₄₎

A. Aliphatic

Organic compounds consisting of straight chains of saturated

carbon atoms are called _____.

A. Aliphatic

B. Aromatic

C. Heterocyclic

D. Cyclic

E. Acyclic

Aromaticity

____-

• property of unusually stable organic molecules such as benzene

• have high resonance energy (36kcal/mol for benzene)

substitution

Aromaticity undergo_____ rather than addition

True

[True or False] 

AROMATICITY  have delocalized pi-electrons.

• Bromine test

• Ferric chloride test

Common test for Aromatic Compounds [2]

1) Alkyl halides

2) Alcohol

3) Aldehyde

4) Ether

5) Carboxylic acid

6) Ester

7) Ketone

8) Amine

9) Amide

Derivatives of Hydrocarbons

1) with halogens (Cl, Br, I, F)

2) ROH

3) RCOH

4) ROR

5) RCOOH

6) RCOOR

7) RCOR

8) RNH2

9) RCONH

a) alkane

b) alkene

c) alkyne

Identify the General formula:

a) CnH₂n+2 

b) CnH₂n

c) CnH₂n-2

C. CnH2n+2

What is the general formula given to alkanes?

A. CnH2n

B. CnH2n+1

C. CnH2n+2

D.CnH2n-2

Alkanes

[CHARACTERISTIC OF ALKANES]

_______- are SATURATED hydrocarbons 

True

[CHARACTERISTIC OF ALKANES]

[True or False] 

ALKANES are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents

less than 1

[CHARACTERISTIC OF ALKANES]

ALKANES density is ______ that is why they float in water.

• Gas

• Liquid

• Solid

[CHARACTERISTIC OF ALKANES]

Alkanes with one to four carbon atoms are generally :

[Solid / Liquid /Gas ]

• ____= 1–4 carbons

• ___= 5–16 carbons

• ___= ≥ 17 carbons

Paraffins 

[CHARACTERISTIC OF ALKANES]

ALKANES are also called as  ____ ? 

parum affins ( meaning “little affinity”)

[CHARACTERISTIC OF ALKANES]

ALKANES is derived from the Latin _____ or little affinity

• Combustion

• Halogenation

[CHARACTERISTIC OF ALKANES]

What are the TWO most important reaction in ALKANES 

True

[CHARACTERISTIC OF ALKANES] 

[True or False] 

Branched hydrocarbons (HC) have lower boiling points than straight-chain (n-) hydrocarbons.

True

[CHARACTERISTIC OF ALKANES] 

[True or False] 

ALKANES hydrocarbons (HCs) are not very reactive

water and carbon dioxide.

[CHARACTERISTIC OF ALKANES] 

ALKANES in the presence of sufficient oxygen, they burn to form ____and ______

explosive mixtures

[CHARACTERISTIC OF ALKANES] 

ALKANES form ____ mixture in air 

carbon monoxide

[CHARACTERISTIC OF ALKANES] 

Incomplete combustion of alkanes produces______

Carbon monoxide (CO)

_______ is produce by incomplete combustion of alkanes

Carbon monoxide (CO)

______- have 220 times more affinity than Oxygen

Polyhalogenated hydrocarbons

____-

• HC with two or more halogen

• Insecticides like DDT, chlordane, chlordecone (kepone), gammalene or benzene hexachloride (lindane)

• chloroethane and chloromethane - local anesthetics

• chloroform was formerly used as general and local anesthetics

Insecticides like:

• DDT,

• Chlordane

• Chlordecone (kepone)

• Gammalene

• Benzene Hexachloride (Lindane)

Examples of Polyhalogenated Hydrocarbons [5]

local anesthetics

[Polyhalogenated Hydrocarbon]

Chloroethane and chloromethane are______ ?

Chloroform

[Polyhalogenated Hydrocarbon]

________ - was formerly used as general and local anesthetics

Halothane

[Polyhalogenated Hydrocarbon]

2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1- trifluoroethane is known as ____ ?

Hepatotoxiciy

Common toxicity of halogenated compound

• olefins

• ethylene

Alkenes is also known as ___ [2]

Alkenes

[FUNCTIONAL GROUP]

_____ is used as fuels or antiknock fuels

general anesthetics

ALKENES compounds are also used as ______ ?

acetylene torch

An example of ALKENE used for wielding materials 

Ethylene

[ALKENE]

____- is used for artificial ripening of fruits

• Toluene = methyl benzene

• Phenol = hydroxy benzene

• Aniline = amino benzene

• Acetophenone

• Benzaldehyde

• Benzoic acid

• Benzonitrile = Nitrile

• Orthoxylene

• Styrene

Common Aliphatic Cycloalkanes [8]

Toluene 

[Aliphatic Cycloalkanes] 

Methylbenzene is known as ___ ? 

Phenol

[Aliphatic Cycloalkanes] 

Hydroxybenzene is known as ____

Aniline

[Aliphatic Cycloalkanes] 

Aminobenzene is known as  ___ 

Benzene

[Aliphatic Cycloalkanes]

_____- is the most common group of aromatic compound which is a six member aromatic ring

Nitrile group

[Aliphatic Cycloalkanes] 

What is the Functional Group of Benzonitrile ? 

A. They are also called olefins or unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Which among the following is CORRECT about alkenes?

A. They are also called olefins or unsaturated hydrocarbons.

B. Alkenes are used as fuel and anti-knock fuels.

C. Ethylene is used for artificial ripening of

fruits.

D. Compounds of alkenes are also used as

general anesthetics.

E. Acetylene torch which is used in welding of

metals is an example.

Friedrich August Kekule

He discover the benzene ring structure

• Combustion/ignition

• Baeyer's test

• Bromine test

• Friedel-Craft's Test

Chemical Reactions of Hydrocarbons [4]

• Baeyer's Test

• Bromine test

Test for unsaturation [2] 

Ferric Chloride Test

Test for the presence of Phenolics

decolorization

Bromine test positive result = _____

Friedel-Craft's Test

[TEST]

Reaction of chloroform with aromatic compounds using aluminum chloride as catalyst, forms triarylmethane that are brightly colored.

brightly colored triarylmethane

What is the POSITIVE RESULT of Friedel-Craft's Test ?

Alkene (Ethene) 

Alkane (Ethane) → undergo cracking → ______ ?

1,2-dibromo ethane

Alkene (Ethene) → undergo bromination (+Br₂) → ____ ?

• BROMINATION

  • bromine water is decolorized from orange brown

Alkane (Ethane)

Alkene (Ethene) → undergo Hydrogenation → ____

• HYDROGENATION

  • +H₂, heat with Ni catalyst)

Alcohol (Ethanol)

Alkene (Ethene) → undergo hydration (+H20 (steam) ) → ______

Carboxylic acid (Ethanoic acid) 

Alcohol (Ethanol) → undergo oxidation → _____

OXIDATION

• fermentation or acidification with KMno4

Edward Buckner

FERMENTATION is discovered by  ____ ? 

Fermentation

glucose + yeast =  Ethanol + CO₂

zymase

YEAST contains _____ specifically from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

YEAST contains ZYMASE specifically from _____

Substitution

[TYPE OF CHEMICAL REACTION]

replacing a hydrogen

Hydrogenation

[TYPE OF CHEMICAL REACTION]

adding a hydrogen

Polymerisation

[TYPE OF CHEMICAL REACTION]
joining unsaturated molecules together

Halogenation

[TYPE OF CHEMICAL REACTION]

adding a halogen

Hydrohalogenation

[TYPE OF CHEMICAL REACTION]

adding a hydrogen halide

Combustion

[TYPE OF CHEMICAL REACTION]

burning in oxygen

Addition

[TYPE OF CHEMICAL REACTION]

adding atoms

Hydration

[TYPE OF CHEMICAL REACTION]

adding water

Isomerase

____- is an enzyme that catalyze rearrangement reaction

Oxidation

[OXIDATION / REDUCTION]

____-

• increase in oxygen

• increase in electron

• decrease in hydrogen

Reduction

[OXIDATION / REDUCTION]

______-

• decrease in oxygen

• decrease in electron

• increase in hydrogen

Primary alcohol

[TYPE OF ALCOHOL]

Two rounds of oxidation

(1) alcohol to aldehyde

(2) aldehyde to carboxylic acid