Anatomy Unit 3

Thoracic cage

• composed of:

  • Thoracic vertebrae posteriorly

  • Sternum and costal cartilage

  • Ribs laterally

Functions of thoracic cage

• Protects vital organs of thoracic cavity

• Support shoulder girdle and upper limbs

• Provides attachment sites for muscles of neck, back, chest, and shoulders

Ribs 1-7

What numbers make up the true ribs?

Ribs 8-12

What ribs make up the false ribs?

11 and 12

What ribs make up the floating ribs?

Manubrium

Jugular notch

Body of sternum

Xiphoid process

Costal facet

What does the head of rib articulate with?

Transverse costal facet

What does the tubercle of rib articulate with?

Costal cartilage

What do true ribs attach to sternum via?

Hyaline cartilage

What is the histology of costal cartilage?

Flexion, addiction, and medial rotation at shoulder

What is the action of the pec major?

Clavicular and sternal head

What is the origin of the pectoralis major?

Greater tubercle

What is the insertion of the pectoralis major?

Protects and depresses shoulder

What is the action of the pectoralis minor?

Ribs 3-5

What is the origin of the pectoralis minor?

Coracoid process

What is the insertion of the pectoralis minor?

Rotates and protacts scapula

What is the action of the serratus anterior?

Ribs 1-9

What is the origin of the serratus anterior?

Medial border of scapula

What is the insertion of the serratus anterior?

Diaphragm

This primary respiratory muscle constants and relaxes to cause inhalation and exhalation

External intercostals

This muscle elevates the ribs to aid in inhalation

Internal intercostals

This accessory respiratory muscle aids in exhalation

Pleural cavities

Each cavity surrounds one lung

Pericardial cavity

This cavity encloses the heart

Anterior mediastinum

This part of the mediastinum is in front of the heart

Middle mediastinum

This part of the mediastinum contains the heart

Posterior mediastinum

This part of the mediastinum contains the vessels and such

Dense irregular connective tissue

What is the histology of the fibrous pericardium?

Simple squamous epithelium

What is the histology of the epicardium?

Cardiac muscle tissue

What is the histology of the myocardium?

Simple squamous epithelium

What is the histology of the endocardium

Coronary artery

Blockage of a ______ ____ will lead to a myocardial infraction

Functional syncytium

a group of cells that act as a single unit, coordinating their activities to achieve a specific function (specifically allows the heart to pump as a whole)

Pacemaker cells

Specialized cells in cardiac muscle that have unstable resting membrane potentials and so periodically fire spontaneous action potent ion —> myocyte contraction

day 22

what day of development do the 2 chambers fuse

day 35

by what day of development are the 4 chambers of the heart formed

sinous venous

what eventually forms the right atrium, coronary sinus, and SA node during development of the heart?

atrium

what eventually forms the pectinate muscles during development of the heart?

bulbous cordis

what eventually forms the aorta, pulmonary trunk, and right ventricle during development of the heart?

foramen ovale

what eventually forms the fossa ovalis during development of the heart?

ductus arteriosus

What eventually forms the ligamentum arteriosum during the development of the heart?

hyaline cartilage

what is histology of the thyroid cartilage

laryngeal prominence

what makes up the adams apple

cricoid cartilage

Inferior to the thyroid cartilage and encircles the trachea

hyaline cartilage

what is the histology of the cricoid cartilage?

elastic cartilage

what is the histology of the epiglottis?

epiglottis

• elastic cartilage at the back of the throat

• covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing

• taste buds are found on the top

true cords

are the vocal cords the true or valse cords

false cords

the vestibular folds the true or false cords

hyaline cartilage

what is the histology of the trachea?

vocal folds

mucosal folds that function in vocal production, also called true vocal cords, white appearance

vestibular folds

pair of mucosal folds that play no part in vocal production, but help to close the glottis when swallowing

trachea

• the windpipe

• cartilage-reinforced tube that extends from the larynx to the bronch

• contains 15-20 ring

annular ligaments

what connects the rings of the trachea?

mucosa membrane

The innermost layer of the trachea, consisting of the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

submucosa

located beneath the mucosa layer of the trachea which is made up of dense irregular connective tissue

trachealis muscle

What is the muscle that helps to contract and dilate the trachea?

carina

what structure does the trachea split at to form the 2 main bronchi?

right main bronchi

is the right or left main bronchi steeper and larger?

Superior, middle, and inferior lobar bronchus

what are the three sections of the right main bronchi?

Superior and inferior lobar bronchus

what are the 2 sections of the left main bronchi?

segmental (tertiary) bronchi

when the lobar branch again, what do they form?

bronchopulmonary segments

what is it called when the segmental (tertiary) bronchi go into a lung area?

10 segments

how many bronchopulmonary segments are in the right lung?

9 segments

how many bronchopulmonary segments are in the left lung?

bronchioles

what are the branches of the segmantal bronchi called?

alveolar sacs

what do the alveolar ducts lead into?

Respiratory zone

The respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs make up the ____ ___?

alveoli

what are the tiny gas filled air sacs in the lungs called that is the site of gas exchange?

elastic fibers

what fibers allow for the stretching and recoiling of the alveoli?

simple squamous epithelium

what are the walls of avleoli composed of?

respiratory membrane

what is the blood air barrier that consists of alveolar and capillary walls along fused basement membrane

squamous epithelial cells

what are type I alveolar cells made of?

cuboidal epithelial cells

what are type II alveolar cells made of?

type II alveolar cells

what type of alveolar cells does the SARS-CoV-2 virus target?

cytokine storm

an excessive immune response when the body releases an overwhelming amount of cytokines, which leads to excessive inflammation

apex

what is the narrow superior tip of the lung

base

what is the concave inferior surface of the lung that rests on the diphragm

right lung

which lung has 3 lobes?

right lung

which lung has an oblique and horizontal fissue?

left lung

which lung has an oblique fissure and a cardiac notch

hilum

what is the groove on the mediastinal surface of the lung that is the site of entry for main bronchi, pulmonary artery and veins and nerves

peritoneum

serous membrane lining the interior of the abdominal cavity and covering the surfaces of abdominal organs

visceral peritoneum

which part of the peritoneum covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs

Parietal peritoneum

which part of the peritoneum lines the body walls

Peritoneal cavity

a space within the abdominopelvic cavity that is fluid filled and prevents friction among organs

retroperitoneal

a term given to organs that lie outside of the peritoneum (liver, duodenum, pancreas, and colon)

mesentery

• double-layered extensions of the peritoneum that support most organs in the abdominal cavity

• provides a route for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

• holds organs in place and stores fat

greater omentum

fatty covering that hangs down from the greater curvature of the stomach, covering the small intestine

lesser omentum

smaller mesentery that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach

mucosa

• tunic layer that lines the lumen

• functions: secrete mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones, absorb end products of digestion, and protect against infectious diseases

mucous membrane

what mucosae consists of three sublayers: epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae

epithelial layer

Which layer of the mucosa is made up of simple columnar epithelium and mucus cells

lamina propria

what part of the mucus membrane is made up of loose connective tissue?

muscularis mucosae

what layer of the mucosa is external to the lamina propria and is a layer of smooth muscle?

areolar connective tissue

what is the histology of the submucosa layer

submucosa

What layer contains blood and lymph vessels, lymphoid follicles, the submucosal nerve plexus, and elastic fibers to allow the stomach to regain its normal shape?elastic