Memorization Quiz: Rome, Early Christian, Byzantine, and Romanesque

House of the Vettii

House of the Vettii

Pompeii, Italy

Imperial Roman

62-79 CE

Cut stone and fresco

Alexander Mosaic

House of Faun, Pompeii

Republican Roman

100 BCE

Mosaic

Head of a Roman Patrician

Republican Roman

75-50 BCE

Marble

Augustus of Prima Porta

Imperial Roman

Early 1st Century

Marble

Colosseum

Rome, Italy

Imperial Roman

70-80 CE

Stone and concrete

Forum of Trajan

Rome, Italy

106-112 CE

Brick and concrete

Pantheon

Imperial Roman

118-125 CE

Concrete with stone facing

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus

Late Imperial Roman

250 CE

Marble

Catacomb of Priscilla

Rome, Italy

Late Antique Europe

200-400 CE

Excavated tufa and fresco

Santa Sabina

Rome, Italy

Late Antique Europe

422-432 CE

Brick and stone, wooden roof

Leaves from Vienna Genesis

Early Byzantine Europe

Early 6th Century

Illuminated manuscript (tempera, gold, and silver on purple vellum)

San Vitale

Ravenna, Italy

Early Byzantine Europe

526-547 CE

Brick, marble, and stone veneer; mosaic

Hagia Sophia

Constantinople

532-537 CE

Brick and ceramic elements with stone and mosaic veneer

Merovingian Looped Fibulae

Early Medieval Europe

Mid-sixth Century

Silver gilt worked in filigree, with inlays of garnets and other stones

Virgin and Child Between Saints Theodore and George

Early Byzantine Europe

6th or Early 7th Century

Encaustic on wood

Lindisfarne Gospels

Early Medieval Europe

700 CE

Illuminated manuscript (ink, pigments, and gold on vellum)

Church of Sainte-Foy

Conques, France

Romanesque Europe

1050-1130 CE

Reliquary of Saint-Foy

Stone (architecture), stone and paint (tympanum); gold, silver, gemstones, and enamel over wood (reliquary)

Bayeux Tapestry

Romanesque Europe

1066-1080 CE

Embroidery on linen

Feudalism

“a system of mutual obligation and exchange of land for services that had developed in the early Middle Ages; it governed social and political relations, especially in France and England”

Conflict between the Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy

1075

Pope Gregory VII declared that only the pope could appoint bishops and abbots; the Emperor desired that power for himself; the conflict persisted across the Middle Ages in the wars between the great German families, the Welfs of Saxony (called Guelfs in Italy), who supported the Pope and the Hohenstaufens of Swabia (called Ghibellines in Italy), who supported the Emperor – various Italian city-states were loyal to one of these two parties

Crusades (11th and 12th Centuries)

desire to conquer the Holy Land (Jerusalem), for rule by European Christians

•1099 – Jerusalem captured by French and German nobles in 1^st Crusade

•1147 – 2^nd Crusade accomplishes little

•1187 – Muslim leader Saladin recaptures Jerusalem, inspiring Third Crusade

•1202 – Fourth Crusade – quest to recapture Jerusalem, Venetian defeat Constantinople, establish Latin Empire

Pilgrimage

faith inspired journey to principal shrines of Jerusalem, Rome, and Santiago de Compostela, Spain; European Christians focus worship on relics (usually bones of saints) and build monumental stone churches