eps 80 coordinates

Describe what the lines of evidence are that demonstrate that many elements are made in stars, rather than all elements being present from the start of the universe

(1,1)

Describe very approximately, the order of things that happened after our planet formed.

Bullet points are fine, as are dates within 100 million years after 500 Ma, and ±500 Ma

before 500 Ma.

(2,1)

Describe the significance of banded iron formations in the context of oxygen evolution in

Earth's atmosphere.

(3,1)

Describe the approximate timing of one max extinction, and what a possible cause of this

extinction was

(4,1)

Describe how earthquake early warning systems work - how are we able to get advanced

warning? (1 point)

What controls how many seconds of warning we can get? (1 point)

Name 4 things we can do with a few seconds' worth of warning. (1 point)

(5,1)

Describe why the length of the day has changed during geological time. (2 points)

Bonus point - what has happened to the length of the day in the last few years? (1 point

(1,2)

State 6 lines of evidence for plate tectonics

(2,2)

Describe how magnetic stripes on the seafloor form, and how they provide evidence for the

process of sea-floor spreading.

(3,2)

Give an example of a place on earth where there is a continental-continental collision zone

(1 pt), describe approximately what the tectonic plates are doing in this location (1pt) and

the associated geological hazards/features

(1pt)

(4,2)

Describe the different types of seismic waves, including how they travel (e.g. with a diagram

showing particle motion), what order they arrive in, and which type causes the most

damage.

(5,2)

Describe the two main driving forces behind plate tectonics

(1,3)

Give one example of a volcanic island made by a hotspot. (1 point)

Describe the approximate distribution of hotspots around the world. (2 points)

Bonus point - what features on the core-mantle boundary are thought to feed hotspots? (1

point)

(2,3)

Describe how a new ocean can form when a hotspot impinges on a continent and give one

example of where this is happening at the moment on Earth. (3 points)

(3,3)

Write a one sentence definition of an earthquake. (1 point)

(4,3)

Describe the factors that control the magnitude of an earthquake. (3 points) - hint, might

be easiest to give the equation, and describe what term is what

5,3

Describe 3 ways you can make tall skyscraper more resistant to earthquakes

1,4

Describe the evidence used by Andrija Mohorovičić to propose the existence of the Moho.

Hint: watch the video in Lecture 6! (2 points)

2,4

Describe the factors that control the intensity of an earthquake in any given location. (3

p

3,4

Describe how we can work out where an earthquake happened using three seismometers

4,4

.Describe 3 ways you can make a typical bay area single family home more resistant to

earthquakes. (3 points)

5,4

Describe why the mantle melts at mid-oceanic ridges (divergent boundaries).

1,5

Describe why the mantle melts at hotspots (e.g Hawaii)

2,5

How do calderas like Crater Lake, Oregon and Santorini, Greece form?

3,5

Describe how we know that the Earth's outer core is a liquid

4,5

Describe 2 processes which can cause a volcano to erupt - i.e. go from a stable magma

chamber at depth to material rising to the surface.

5,5

Describe why the mantle melts at subduction zones (convergent boundaries).

1, -5

provide a one-sentence definition of viscosity, and then rank the following materials in

order from lowest to highest viscosity: water, rhyolitic magma, olive oil, ketchup.

2, -5

What is a volcanic hazard map? (1 point)

How could a city resident use a volcanic hazard map? A government official?

3, -5

Your friend is very worried about an eruption at Yellowstone. What could you tell them to

calm them down?

4, -5

Describe 2 ways that pyroclastic flows can form during volcanic activity

5, -5

Describe two processes which can increase the SiO2 content (and thus the viscosity) of a

magma

1, -3

Would you expect a rhyolite with 4 wt% H2O to erupt more or less explosively than a basalt with 1 wt% H2O. Explain your answer.

2, -4

Describe 3 methods that can be used to monitor active volcanoes.

3, -4

State 3 warning signs that could alert you to get to high ground because a tsunami is on its

way

4, -4

Can we stop lava flows? What approaches have been tried? What worked and what didn't

5, -4

Describe some factors that control the explosivity of a volcanic eruption

1, -3

Describe what happens to magma viscosity as you undergo fractional crystallization

from a basalt to a rhyolite. Hint - think about the chains.

2, -3

Describe 2 ways in which tsunamis differ from normal ocean waves.

3, -3

What is the purpose of vertical evacuation towers? (1 point)

Which coastal communities benefit most from them? Hint: think about topography!

4, -3

Describe what happens to emitted SO2 gas after it is released into the atmosphere and why

SO2 emission present a health issue to humans. (2 points)

Name 4 other gases released from volcanoes. Which ones impact human health?

5, -3

What type of plate boundary makes the biggest earthquakes (e.g. M9) and why can such

large earthquakes occur there? (3 points

2, -2

Describe 3 processes that can cause tsunamis and give a historical example of a tsunami

caused by each process

3, -2

Why did the Indonesian tsunami in 2004 kill so many people?

4, -2

Describe what a lahar is and how it forms. (2 points)

Name one volcano and/or area that has been affected by a lahar disaster.

5, -2

(from the reading) Describe some of the lines of evidence pointing to a large Cascadia

Tsunami and earthquake in 1700 AD

4, -1