Microbiology Exam 4

What is the prevention for Haemophilus influenze Meningitis?

Hib vaccine

What type of meningitis is Neisseria meningitidis Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis)?

Bacterial

What are the symptoms caused by Neisseria meningitidis Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis)?

throat infection, rash, and bacteremia

What are the symptoms caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis (Pneumococcal Meningitis)?

pneumonia and otitis media

What is the prevention for Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis (Pneumococcal Meningitis)?

conjugated vaccine

What are some treatments for common types of bacterial meningitis?

- Sampling CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid) through a spinal tap or lumbar puncture

- Latex agglutination tests

What type of meningitis is Listeriosis?

Bacterial

What bacteria causes Listeriosis?

Listeria monocytogenes

What are some symptoms of Listeriosis?

asymptomatic

What is the name of the toxin released in Tetanus?

Tetanospasmin neurotoxin

What bacteria causes Tetanus?

Clostridium tetani

What are symptoms of Tetanus?

spasms of respiratory muscles

What is the treatment for Tetanus?

- Tetanus immune globulin (TIG)

- Infected tissue removed via debridement

What is the prevention for Tetanus?

tetanus toxoid (DTaP) vaccine

Is the tetanus vaccine directed at the bacterium or the toxin produced by the bacterium?

toxin

What virus causes rabies?

Lyssavirus

What are the symptoms of rabies?

muscle spasms of the mouth and pharynx; hydrophobia

What is the treatment for rabies?

none

What is the prevention for rabies?

HDCV vaccine

Where does rabies form negri bodies?

Brain stem

What are negri bodies?

Small clusters of virus inside the neurons

What is the cause of Botulism?

Clostridium botulinum

What are the symptoms of Botulism?

Flaccid paralysis

- Paralysis in one arm or one leg

What is the treatment for Botulism?

respiratory assistance and antitoxins

What is the prevention for Botulism?

proper canning and the use of nitrites in foods

What is the cause of Mumps?

Paramyxovirus

What are the symptoms of Mumps?

orchitis (swelling of testes), meningitis, ovary inflammation, and pancreatitis

What is the treatment for Mumps?

supportive care

What is the prevention for Mumps?

MMR vaccine

What causes Diphtheria?

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

What are the symptoms of Diphtheria?

tough grayish membrane in the throat

What is the treatment for Diphtheria?

erythromycin or penicillin

What is the prevention for Diphtheria?

DTaP vaccine (Diphtheria toxoid)

What is the cause of Cholera?

Vibrio cholerae

What are the symptoms of Cholera?

Diarrhea with large water loss, shock, collapse, organ failure, and death

What is the treatment for Cholera?

fluids

What is the prevention for Cholera?

Proper sanitation, water storage, handwashing

What is Rice Water Stool?

Characteristic of Cholera - stool is watery with flecks of mucous

What effect does the Vibrio enterotoxin have on the body?

causes the host cells to secrete electrolytes and water and causes rice water stools

What are the mosquito-borne diseases of the brain?

- Arboviral Encephalitis

- Zika Virus Disease (ZVD)

How can you prevent Arboviral Encephalitis and Zika Virus Disease (ZVD)?

Controlling mosquito populations

What is a prion?

misfolded protein (infectious)

What are the diseases caused by prions called?

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE)

What diseases are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE)?

- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) (TSE in humans)

- Kuru (caused by cannibalism)

- Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) (Mad Cow Disease)

What is the cause of Leprosy?

Mycobacterium leprae

What are the symptoms of Leprosy?

Nerve damage and loss of feeling in infected tissue

What is the incubation period of Leprosy?

5 years

What is the culture for Leprosy?

nude mice and armadillos

What is the definition of pharyngitis?

inflammation of the pharynx

What is the definition of Laryngitis?

inflammation of the larynx

What is the definition of epiglottitis?

inflammation of the epiglottis

What is the definition of Otitis Media?

inflammation of the middle ear

What are the diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)?

- Streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat)

- Scarlet fever

What pneumonia is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

What pneumonia is caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Mycoplasmal Pneumonia

What is the treatment of Influenza?

zanamivir (Relenza) and oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

What is the prevention of Influenza?

flu vaccine

What are the symptoms of influenza?

chills, fever, headache, and muscle aches

What is Otitis Media?

- Middle ear infection

- Formation of pus puts pressure on the eardrum

What causes Otitis Media?

- Streptococcus pneumoniae

- Non-encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae

- Moraxella catarrhalis

- S. pyogenes

- respiratory syncytial viruses

What are the three stages of Whooping Cough (Pertussis)?

- Stage 1: catarrhal stage, like the common cold

- Stage 2: paroxysmal stage, violent coughing, gasping for air

- Stage 3: convalescence stage, may last for months

What causes Whooping Cough (Pertussis)?

Bordetella pertussis

What is the vaccine for Whooping Cough (Pertussis)?

DTaP vaccine

What is the lifecycle of Pneumocystis?

1. The mature cyst contains 8 intra-cystic bodies

2. The cyst ruptures, releasing the bodies

3. The bodies develop into trophozoites

4. The trophozoites divide

5. Each trophozoite develops into a mature cyst

What is RSV?

respiratory syncytial virus

Who are affected the most by RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)?

Infants and older adults

What is syncytium?

cell fusion in cell culture

What are the parts of the upper respiratory system?

Nose, pharynx, middle ear, and eustachian tubes

What are the parts of the lower respiratory system?

Larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and alveoli

What are the parts of the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract or alimentary canal?

Mouth, Pharynx (throat), Esophagus, Stomach, Small and large intestine

What are the accessory structures of the digestive tract?

Teeth and tongue, Salivary glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas

What are the infections caused by Salmonella?

- Salmonellosis (Salmonella Gastroenteritis)

- Typhoid Fever

What are the infections caused by Shigella?

- Traveler's Diarrhea

- Shigellosis

How does Shigella work?

1. Shigella enters an epithelial cell

2. Shigella multiplies inside the cell

3. Shigella invades neighboring epithelial cells, thus avoiding immune defenses

4. An abscess forms as epithelial cells are killed by the infection. The bacteria rarely spread in the bloodstream

How does Salmonella work?

1. Salmonella enters an epithelial cell

2. Salmonella multiplies within a vesicle inside the cell

3. Salmonella multiplies in mucosal cells; there the inflammatory response results in diarrhea. Occasionally, the bacteria cross the epithelial cell membrane and enter the lymphatic system and bloodstream.

What causes Traveler's Diarrhea?

ETEC (enterotoxigenic E. coli)

Which part of digestive tract has the least microbes?

Stomach

Which part of digestive tract has the most microbes?

Large intestine

What is Gingivitis?

inflammation of the gums

What is periodontitis?

Bone and tissue supporting the teeth are destroyed

What is dental plaque?

Biofilms involved in the formation of dental caries

What is Aflatoxin poisoning caused by?

Aspergillus flavus

Which food does Aflatoxin poisoning come from?

Peanuts

What are symptoms of Aflatoxin poisoning?

liver cirrhosis and liver cancer

What is ergot toxin caused by?

Claviceps purpurea

Which food does ergot toxin come from?

grains

What are the symptoms of ergot toxin?

Restricts blood flow (gangrene) and causes hallucinations

What does GALT stand for?

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

What are Peyer's patches?

Clusters of lymphoid follicles

What are the symptoms of Helicobacter pylori?

Disrupts stomach mucosa, causing inflammation

What is the relationship between Helicobacter pylori and the stomach?

- Causes Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease

- Grows in the stomach acid by producing urease

- Converts urea to alkaline ammonia

What is a Dane particle?

the infectious virion that causes Hepatitis B virus

What is the spherical particle of Hepatitis B virus?

Envelope particle

What is the filamentous particle of Hepatitis B virus?

Tubular envelope particle

What are the symptoms of Hepatitis B?

Abdominal pain, dark urine, fever, joint pain, loss of appetite, nausea

What is the prevention for Hepatitis B?

HBV Vaccine

What is the MMR vaccine?

Used for measles, mumps, and rubella

What is the DTaP vaccine?

Used for Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis

What is the normal microbiota of the reproductive system?

- Normal urine is not sterile

- Lactobacilli (Produce H2O2 and lactic acid; Growth promoted by estrogen)

- Streptococci, anaerobes, some gram-negatives

- Candida albicans yeast

What is Candidiasis?

yeast infection in vagina