AP HUMAN UNIT 3 Culture

Culture

All of a group's learned behaviors, actions,beliefs, and objects are a part of__________. The shared beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, and technologies of a society.

Cultural traits

These types of elements, visible and invisible are ______________.Visible and invisible attributes that combine to make up a group's culture. Examples include:

Artifacts

Sociofacts

Mentifacts

Taboos

Geographers also study ____________, behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture. For example, many cultures have rules against eating certain foods, such as

pork or insects. What is considered taboo changes over time. In the United States, marriages between Protestants and Catholics were once taboo, but they

are not widely opposed now. Behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture.

Traditional/Folk culture

small, homogenous (similar) groups of people, often living in rural areas that are isolated and unlikely to change. __________ is used to encompass all three cultural designations.___________ The beliefs and practices of small homogenous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change are known as folk culture.

Global/Pop culture

large, heterogeneous groups of people, often living in urban areas that are interconnected through globalization and the internet/social media. Quick to change, time-space compression. When cultural traits- such as clothing, music,movies, and types of businesses- spread quickly over a large area and are adopted by various groups. they become part of ______________. These elements can quickly be adopted worldwide, making them part of ____________.

Cultural landscape

A natural landscape that has been modified by humans, reflecting their cultural beliefs and values. The boundaries of a region reflect the human imprint on the environment. This is called the________ - the visible reflection of a culture - or the built environment.

Material culture

There are artifacts that comprise the _________________, which consists of tangible things, or those that can be

experienced by the senses. Art, clothing, food, music, sports, and housing types are all tangible elements of culture.

Artifacts

Visible, physical objects created by a culture.

Houses

Clothing

Architecture

Toys

Tools

Furniture

Sociofacts

The ways in which a society behaves and organizes institutions.

are the ways people organize their society and relate to one another

Family

School/Education

Government

Religion

Land Use

Gender Roles

Mentifacts

The ideas, beliefs, values and knowledge of a culture.

__________ comprise a group's nonmaterial culture and consist of intangible concepts, or those not having a physical presence. Beliefs, values, practices, and aesthetics (pleasing in appearance) determine what a cultural group views as acceptable and desirable. _ _________ can also be unique or shared. People of many cultures possess a belief in one or many deities, and often the deities are unique to that culture. The belief in a god is a _______________-the religious building or symbols are artifacts.

EX:

Religious Beliefs

Language

Food Preferences & Taboos

nonmaterial culture

and consist of intangible concepts,

Traditional architecture

style reflects a local culture's history, beliefs, values, and community adaptations to the environment, and typically utilizes locally available materials. Examples would include Spanish adobe (mud) homes common in the southwestern United States or the colonial homes that were wood-constructed with a steep-pitched roof from New England. Influenced by the environment and built with available local materials. Reflective of history, culture and CLIMATE.

Portable Mongolian yurts made out of reeds, wood, fabric, sheep's wool and felt.

Transhumance herders stay in huts/cabins.

Stone and clay houses in Nepal.

Post Modern architecture

developed after the 1960s. It is a movement away from boxy, mostly concrete or brick structures toward high rise structures made from large amounts of steel and glass siding. Most of the skyscrapers in the United States today are considered postmodern architectural style. Postmodernism has evolved to also include more use of curves, bright colors, and large glass atriums that bring light into spaces. Diverse designs, representative of popular culture, business and economic success. Example: Skyscrapers

culture realms

Geographers also identify larger areas, _____________, that include several regions. Cultures within a _____________ have a few traits that they all share, such as language families, religious traditions, food preferences, architecture, or a shared history. Some geographers view realms simply as very large regions.

Sequent Occupancy

Ethnic groups move in and out of neighborhoods and create new cultural imprints on the landscape in a process geographers call _____________. In Chicago, the Pilsen neighborhood is heavily populated by Hispanics today, but its name recalls a history as a home for German and Czech immigrants. In New York City, the neighborhood of Harlem has been home to many ethnic groups: Jews from Eastern Europe starting in the late 1800s, African Americans from the southern United States starting in the 1910s, and Puerto Ricans starting in the late 1900s. As a result of ________________, Harlem's cultural landscape includes former Jewish synagogues, public spaces named for African American leaders such as Marcus Garvey Park, and street names honoring Puerto Rican leaders such as Luis Munoz Marin Boulevard.the idea that societies or cultural groups leave their cultural imprints when they live in a place, each contributing to the overall cultural landscape over time. Most cultural landscapes are a mixture of historic and modern structures. _____________ is the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place.

Each contributes to the cumulative cultural landscape Example: The Great Pyramids.

culture hearth

Geographers start by mapping a _____________, where a religion or ethnicity began, A ____________is the geographic origin of a culture or cultural trait. Traits first diffuse from the cultural hearth.

Ethnicity

is a sense of belonging or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture. This is different from race which is based on physical characteristics., or membership in a group of people who share characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs, history, and common experiences.

Centripetal Forces

are those that unify a group of people or a region. These forces may include a common language and religion, a shared heritage and history, ethnic unity and tolerance, a just and fair legal system, a charismatic leader, or any other unifying aspect of culture. People tend to gravitate toward other people who share their beliefs, customs, interests, and background.

Centrifugal forces

are those that divide a group of people or a region. These forces can pull apart societies, nations, and states, and are essentially centripetal forces in reverse. Different languages and religions, a separate past, ethnic conflict, racism, unequal application of laws, or dictatorial leadership are just a few of the many cultural attributes that can sow division within a society.

Ethnocentrism

If people are more ethnocentric, they believe their own cultural group is more important and superior to other cultures. In many cases, they see others by means of generalizations and stereotypes, and often do not seek to understand different customs or cultural norms. While loyalty and pride in one's own culture is common and understandable, ethnocentric views typically lead to misinterpretations of others and the value they give certain artifacts and mentifacts. Without consciously pursuing an understanding of other cultures, a "we" versus "them" mentality can grow. Ethnocentrism may lead to centrifugal forces within a state, such as discrimination, intolerance, violence, and mass killings. The same attitude may lead to issues with other states, including misunderstandings, increased tension, or even war

Diffusion

The spread of information, ideas, behaviors, and other aspects of culture from their hearths to wider areas is known as ___________.The movement or spread of cultural traits, knowledge, ideas, trends from hearths to other geographic areas. Two major categories: RELOCATION EXPANSION

relocation diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait through the migration of people.As people migrate, they take their cultural traits with them.the spread of culture and/ or cultural traits by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them. A small-scale example is the spread of pizza, which Italian immigrants brought to the United States in the late 19th century. A large-scale example is the spread of European culture around the world starting in the 1500s.

Example: The migration of Europeans to the Americas in the 13th & 14th centuries resulted in the spread of Christianity and European languages such as Spanish and English.

Expansion Diffusion

The spread of cultural traits outward through exchange without migration is called ______________ Unlike relocation diffusion, ________________ requires a different person to adopt the trait. It occurs in many ways. The spread of a cultural trait through the interaction between people. There are three subtypes of expansion diffusion:

Contagious Diffusion

Hierarchical Diffusion (and Reverse)

Stimulus Diffusion

Contagious diffusion

occurs when a cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people. For example, the hearth for blues music is the southern United States. As musicians outside the hearth heard the music, they began to play it themselves. Blues slowly spread northward and reached cities such as St. Louis, Chicago, and New York. A cultural trait spreads rapidly, widely, and continuously from its hearth through close contact between people. Time-space compression and globalization have accelerated contagious diffusion via the internet and smartphones.Example: Viral videos

Hierarchical Diffusion

is the spread of culture outward from the most interconnected places or from centers of wealth and influence. Cultural traits spread first from one powerful person, city, or powerful class to another powerful person, city, or social class. Eventually the trait could be shared with other people, smaller cities, different social classes, or less-developed countries. Unlike contagious diffusion, ________________ may skip some places while moving on to others. Most popular culture, such as music, fashion, and fads, follows the _______________ path. Cell phone technology demonstrates how _________________ works. When cell phones first appeared in the 1980s, they were expensive. Only wealthy people in large cities in developed countries owned them. As cell phone networks grew and cell phones became mass-produced, they eventually spread to a wider market. Today, cell phones have diffused throughout the world. The spread of cultural traits from the most interconnected, powerful, wealthy people/organizations down to others.May be restrictive due to cost or access.

Examples:

Cell phones were first only owned by wealthy elites in large cities, as time progressed, they became mass-produced and spread to a wider market.

Popular culture trends, music, fashion.

Stimulus Diffusion

The process of_______________is when an underlying idea from a culture hearth is adopted by another culture but the adopting group modifies or rejects one trait.As cultural traits spread they are altered/modified due to a cultural barrier, taboo, or difference.Examples:

Followers of the Hindu religion are clustered in India and believe that cows are sacred and holy animals. It is a TABOO to eat beef. As McDonald's diffused to India, it was adapted to offer veggie burgers.

lingua franca

However, most speakers of English do not use it as their primary language. Rather, they use it as a _______________, a common language used by people who do not share the same native language. For example, Nigerians commonly speak one of 500 indigenous languages at home, but they learn English to communicate with everyone who does not speak their language. is a common language used by speakers of two different languages for communication. Usually for business, trade, commerce or in popular culture.

World Lingua Franca: English

Regionally:

Mandarin in China,

Swahili in Africa,

Arabic in Southwest Asia,

Russian in Eastern Europe & Russia

pidgin language

When speakers of two different languages have extensive contact with each other, often because of trade, they sometimes develop a ____________, a simplified mixture of two languages. A ____________ has fewer grammar rules and a smaller vocabulary than either language but is not the native language of either group. In Papua New Guinea, the pidgin combines English and Papuan languages. An extremely simplified, limited non-native language used by two people that speak two different languages. Papua New Guinea: mixture of English & Papuan languages.

Result of British colonization of the territory.

An example of early Hawai'i Pidgin English (HPE) spoken in Honolulu since the late 19th century: "What for Miss Willis laugh all time? Before Fraulein cry all time."

"Why does Miss Willis often laugh? Fraulein used to always cry."

Creole language

Over time, two or more separate languages can mix and develop a more formal structure and vocabulary so that they are no longer a pidgin language. They create a new combined language, known as a ______________. Afrikaans is a _____________ spoken in South Africa that combines Dutch with several European and African languages. A pidgin language that develops into a new combined language with native speakers. Frequently developed through settings of colonization or slavery.

Cajun/Louisiana Creole: Spoken in Louisiana, traits of English and French

Haitian: Spoken in Haiti, traits of indigenous West African and French

Social constructs

are ideas, concepts, or perceptions that have been created and accepted by people in a society or social group and are not created by nature. These processes influences culture through media, technological change, politics, economics, and social relationships.

Time-space convergence

The greater interconnection between places that results from improvements in transportation is called _____________________. It often makes places less culturally distinct. For example, in 1492 it took Christopher Columbus 36 days to cross the Atlantic Ocean on a wind-powered ship. By 1907, that time was reduced to 4.5 days due to the invention of the steam engine. Modern commercial aviation replaced ocean liners as the dominant mode of transatlantic transportation. A commercial airplane makes the transatlantic journey from Europe to North America in about 7 hours. Modern communication technologies have caused a similar change in the amount of time needed for information to travel. The shrinking of the world due to improvements in communication and transportation technologies.

Facilitates cultural convergence and the widespread diffusion of popular culture.

cultural convergence

As the relative distance between places shrinks, the interaction among cultures increases. Some argue that globalization is resulting in ___________________ cultures are becoming similar to each other and sharing more cultural traits, ideas, and beliefs. This cultural homogenization, or becoming more alike, is a concern for many societies and is met with resistance by some people.

World Sports

Kpop

McDonald's

Language

cultural divergence

is the idea that a culture may change over time as the elements of distance, time, physical separation, and modern technology create divisions and changes. A culture's isolation because of absorbing barriers of physical geography, such as mountains, oceans, or distance, can halt diffusion. The longer a group is isolated, the more slowly its culture will change or diverge from the original culture.

Indo European language family

One of the 15 major language families is the _____________________ a large group of languages that might have descended from a language spoken around 6,000 years ago. Nearly half of the world's population speaks one of the languages of the Indo-European language family. This family includes about 2.8 billion native speakers of between 400 and 500 languages. is the largest language family with about 3.2 billion speakers distributed across the world.

Isoglosses

Languages can be further divided into smaller categories by other traits. One is by accent, how words sound when pronounced. Accents often reflect social class or geographic region. The boundaries between variations in pronunciations or word usage are called ________________. For example, as you move from east to west in Texas, the term "dry creek bed" used near Dallas is replaced by the Spanish word "arroyo:' This isogloss represents the boundary between southern dialect and a Texan variation.

Dialects

are variations in accent, grammar, usage and spelling and develop out of geographic distance or isolation. Dialects - different WORDS

Accents - different pronunciations