aice us 1.1

2nd american industrial revolution

period of scientific and technological development that transformed the US from an agrarian society into a industrialized, urban country

reasons for rapid industrialization

1. population growth

2. land availability

3. raw materials

4. railroads

5. inventions and innovations

6. capitol availability

• population growth

• labor supply grew to fill unskilled labor jobs

• people lived for longer (healthier diets, medical advancements, improved standard of living)

• life expectancy rose from 44 years old to 57

• immigration from europe grew dramatically due to trade after civil war

• urbanization

urbanization

people moved to cities

land availability

plenty of room for cities to grow and expand ; factories to be built

raw materials

natural resources (timber, water, coal, iron, copper, lead, oil)

natural resources

occurring in nature that can be used for economic production or consumption

railroads

• transcontinental railroad

• encourage growth - make it easier to transport goods and people west

• products could be shipped easily and quickly (allow businesses to grow and prosper)

transcontinental railroad

link isolated towns, promote trade and interdependence

inventions and innovations

steam engine drill

light bulb

typewriter

telephone

inventor of steam engine drill (oil)

edwin l. drake

inventor of steel

henry bessemer

inventor of light bulb

thomas alva edison

inventor of typewriter

christopher sholes

inventor of telephone

alexander graham bell

impact of steam engine drill(oil)

petroleum refining industry first makes kerosene, then gasoline

impact of light bulb on industrialization

factories can be located anywhere and run all day/night

impact of typewriter on industrialization

reduces time, easier communication, jobs

impacts of telephone on industrialization

faster communication; job opportunities

impact of steel on industrialization

railroads and construction: brooklyn bridge; steel-framed skyscrapers

capital availability

stock market

capital

banks loaned money

wealthy people loaned money

gov gave subsidies to businesses

capital

money used to grow/start a business

stock market

companies sold shares of their companies to generate money

subsidies

free money

consequences of rapid economic growth

urbanization

urbanization

the rapid growth of cities

reasons for population growth

immigrants and farmers moving to cities to make more money

problems caused by population growth

• housing shortages

• transportation issues

• sanitation issues

• crime

• fire

• political corruption at local gov level

housing shortages

• dumbbell tenements buildings

• renters rarely had access to heat, ventilation, light, clean water or sewage disposal

• some turned into workhouses

dumbbell tenement buildings

landlords created tiny apartments with terrible living conditions

transportation issues

traffic was a nightmare with stalls crowding streets

workers needed to be able to get to work. societies created mass transit systems

people could live farther away from work (helped with overcrowding)

mass transit systems

city provided cheap reliable subways, elevated trains, streetcars & trolleys

sanitation issues

• with no proper running water or education, diseases (measles, cholera, and TB) spread rampantly

• sewage waste and trash was dumped outside of tenement windows and the streets

crime

• pickpocketing and other violent crimes became a problem

• cities created large police departments and had officers patrol the streets

fire

• most buildings built before the gilded age were made of wood

• most used candles and kerosene heat

• cities had to create fire departments

political corruption at local gov level

• political machines

• city bosses

political machines

structured organizations ran by “bosses” which controlled policies, influenced election results and controlled the local economy

city bosses

ran the political machines; had to be elected into office so they gave favors in exchange for votes (like jobs & housing)

ex. william “boss” tweed

william “boss” tweed

ran tammany hall - stole 45 to 200 million in city funds; he used that money to bribe judges and police to ensure he stayed in power

immigration

moving from one country to another (permanently)

note

25 million immigrants will arrive on the shores of the US between 1870-1909 from europe & asia

push factors for immigration

religious persecution

poverty

unemployment

desire for political freedom & economic opportunity

pull factors for immigration

cheap labour

old immigrants

• before 1880

• north and western europeans (mostly irish & german)

• mostly protestant or catholic (irish)

• often spoke same english

• mostly farmers

• settled in rural areas

new immigrants

• 1880-1920

• southern and eastern europe (italy, poland, russia)

• asians (china & japan)

• catholic and jewish

• spoke little to no english

• poor unskilled laborers

• settlements in cities (for work)

ethnic enclaves

aka ethnic neighborhoods

communities of particular ethnic groups that live in specific areas (share a same culture)

culture

religion, language, foods, traditions, etc

1892: ellis island built

• processing center for European immigrants in NYC (used from 1892-1954)

• would take 4-10 days

• immigrants were separated by class

1st class passage

• desirable immigrants (aka wealthy)

• traveled in comfort and luxury

• ticket 1-2k one way (today’s money)

• inspected on the ship & got to skip ellis island

steerage class passage

• “undesirable” immigrants (aka poor)

• traveled in crowded, uncomfortable conditions

• ticket 300 one way(today’s money)

• had to pass inspection on ellis island. facility was crowded, noisy, and confusing, with many languages spoken, creating a jarring stressful environment

stages of ellis island

1. arrival and baggage

2. medical examination

3. legal inspection

4. release or detention

arrival and baggage

• immigrants arrived by crowded steamships, seeing the statue of liberty as a new symbol of a new life

• first step would be to drop off their bags in the baggage claim and then proceed upstairs

medical examination

the six second physical

six second physical

• doctors watched immigrants clim the grand staircase in the great hall for signs of health issues. they quickly checked for contagious diseases (like trochoma) or disabilities, marking those needing further checks with chalk

• ppl that had disease would be sent back (separated families)

legal inspection

• those who passed the medical exam faced immigration inspectors. inspectors reviewed the ships manifest and asked 29 questions regarding identity, family, origin, finances, and health

• interpreters were available for major langs

• the “island of tears”

the island of tears

fear of separation was immense, as a single family member failing an exam could lead to deportation, even separating parents from children

release or detention

• most passed through to the money exchange and railroad ticket office for onward travel

• about 2% were detained for further medical checks or to await relatives, with some ultimately deported back to their country

• process would be 3-5 hrs (if no issues)

asian immigration

• discovery of gold and railroad jobs attract Chinese immigrants

• would work for least amount of money (kept wages down), Americans didn’t like this and pressured politicians to protect white jobs by restricting immigration

when was angel island built

1910 - angel island built to process immigrants entering on the west coast (san fran)

process in angel island

1. arrival and medical exam

2. interrogation

3. decision and appeal

arrival and medical exam

• immigrants were ferried from ships to isolated island facility

• medical checks - including providing fecal samples for diseases like hookworms, having eyelids flipped to check for trachoma, and other psychical examinations

interrogation

• immigrants were held in the barracks that were often described as prison like, with poor sanitation, coarse blankets, and crowded bunks, often for weeks or months while awaiting interviews

• they faced long detailed interviews with immigrant inspectors, sometimes lasting days to verify application details

decision and appeal

rejection

appeal

rejection

a significant percentage (around 33%) were denied entry

appeals

rejected immigrants could appeal, but this meant extended detention, sometimes for years, while waiting for a decision from Washington DC

who did immigrants face discrimination from

• federal gov

• citizen organizations

• state gov

• other immigrants

why did ppl think immigration was bad

bad for development - will work for low wages so keeps wages down

why did ppl think immigration was good

good for development - will work for low wages, keeps cost of production down

nativism

the idea that people who were born in a country are more important than immigrants

nativism argument

immigration cheapens wages because they would work in terrible conditions and work for less than american workers

immigrants would never assimilate (they would always be russian-american etc)

assimilate

take on american culture

anti immigration laws

designed to limit the abilities of immigrants once they arrived in the us such as living in certain areas

chinese exclusion act 1882

prohibited the immigration of chinese unskilled laborers (in effect for 60 more years)

professionals like doctors and teachers were permitted

what was the reason of the chinese exclusion act 1882

chinese immigrants would work for pennies on the railroads out west

this kept white ppl from getting hired because they demand higher wages

japanese gentleman’s agreement 1907

japanese immigration would be reinstated, but only skilled jobs (like teachers and doctors) ; japanese children would be allowed to go to white schools again

immigration act of 1917

• mandatory literacy tests

• barred undesirables - alcoholics, criminals, people with opposing political views, mentally & physically disabled immigrants

• barred immigrants from the middle east to SE asia

literacy tests

test that determines someone’s ability to read or write to enter the US

state anti immigration policy 1858

california prohibited chinese from entering the state

alien law act 1913

prohibited asian immigrants from owning land

alien law act 1913

prohibited asian immigrants from owning land

immigration restriction league (1894)

formed in boston by three influential harvard grads

goal: support laws that lesson immigration; for example they pushed for literacy tests

old immigrants vs new immigrants

old immigrants didn’t want new immigrants to entire the us

why didnt old immigrants want new immigrants entering the us

old immigrants had assimilated into american culture (they could speak english, read/write), didn’t like the negative attention of the new immigrants

americanization movement

nationwide organized attempt at assimilating immigrants into mainstream america (make them act like a white american)

what was the mission of the americanization movement

teach immigrants english, how the us government (civil duties) work, and steps to citizenship

laissez faire

• “let them be” relationship between the gov and economy

• rich business owners take advantage of the fact that no laws existed to protect workers or limits on business workers

social darwinism

the idea that society makes progress through competition and “survival of the fittest”

corporations

legally recognized business that is separate from its owners. instead it is owned by shareholders

more about corporations

• people buy stocks

• shareholders make money when company does but also lose money when the company does

stocks

pieces of ownership of that corporation

wealth gap

difference in earnings between the rich and the poor

classism

prejudice against people of a certain social class

economy

a social system where goods and services are produced and exchanged

capitalism

1. private property: owned by a business owner

2. profit motive: owner gets money

3. free enterprise: little gov involvement with businesses

4. competition: keeps prices down

factor markets

factory where product is made and labor is earning wages

product markets

where products are sold

cycle of market thing

1. workers use their wages to become consumers

2. consumers use their income to buy goods

3. profits go back to the business

4. businesses can choose to save or reinvest in the business by adding to the factor markets

5. repeat

industrialists

someone involved in ownership or management of a company

what are industrialists goals

make as much money as possible

costs of production

1. land resources - naturally occurring

2. labor - people that make product

3. capital - machines and tools used