Energy Use and Cell Reproduction

Acetyl CoA

key molecule that links different pathways, allowing the body to produce energy from glucose, fats, and proteins

Aerobic Respiration

cellular respiration that requires oxygen and produces 36-38 ATP molecules per glucose

Anaerobic Respiration

cellular respiration w/o oxygen producing only 2 ATP and lactic acid emergency backup system when blood flow is compromised

anaphase

stage of mitosis where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

binary fission

simple cell division, one organism splits into 2 identical copies

budding

asexual reproduction where parent grows small copy of itself, breaks off

chromatids

identical copies of a chromosome joined at the centromere

chromatin

less condensed form of DNA during most of the cell cycle

chromosomes

condensed DNA structures visible during cell division containing genetic info

Krebs cycle

central metabolic pathway for energy production, in mitochondria

crossing over

genetic trade between chromosome pairs during meiosis

cytokinesis

division of cytoplasm that completes cell division

daughter cells

2 cells produced when a parent cell divides, each containing identical genetic material and cellular components

diploid

cell containing 2 complete sets of chromosomes(2n)

electron transport chain

final stage of aerobic respiration in mitochondria that produces the most ATP, oxygen as final electron acceptor

FADH2

secondary energy carrier that works alongside NADH to maximize energy extration from glucose

Fragmentation

asexual reproduction, parents breaks into pieces and regenerate into own organisms

gametes

sex cells w/ half the normal chromosome # (haploid)

glycolysis

first stage of cellular respiration breaking glucose into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP, and occurs in the cytoplassm

haploid

cells containing only one set of chromosomes(n)

hypoxia

insufficient oxygen reaching tissues for normal aerobic respiration, forcing cells to use less efficient anaerobic pathways

independent assortment

random distribution of chromosomes during gamete formation

lactic acid

end product of anaerobic respiration when oxygen is insufficient

meiosis I

first division of meiosis where homologous chromosome pairs separate and crossing over occurs, reducing chromosomes # from diploid to haploid

meiosis II

second division of meiosis that resembles mitosis, separating sister chromatids to create 4 distinct gametes

metaphase

stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up at the cells center before separating

mitosis

cell division producing 2 identical diploid daughter cells for growth and repair

mitotic index

% of cells actively dividing in a tissue

NADH

energy shuttle that captures energy during glucose breakdown and delivers to oxygen for more ATP production

parthenogenesis

development w/o fertilization

prophase

first stage of mitosis where chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down

pyruvate

3 carbon molecule produced from glucose during glycolysis

pyruvate oxidation

process in mitochondria that converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA

retinoblastoma pathway

critical cell cycle checkpoint system that prevents damaged cells from dividing, prevents tumors

somatic cells

all body cells except sperm and egg

spindle apparatus

molecular system that guides chromosomes to correct destinations during cell division

sister chromatids

identical copies of a chromosome joined together

telophase

final stage of mitosis where nuclear envelopes reform around separated chromosomes, completing nuclear division

zygote

single diploid cell formed when sperm and egg unite during fertilization